The Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) intends to dip into its own reserves to buy almost 15,000 pieces of medical equipment for the exclusive treatment of patients with Covid-19.
In a letter sent to the federal Finance Ministry (SHCP), IMSS requested urgent authorization to spend just over 5 billion pesos (US $210.8 million) on 14,975 pieces of equipment.
Obtained by the newspaper El Universal, the letter says that almost 1.6 billion pesos will be used to buy 3,477 vital signs monitors, while just under 1.5 billion pesos is earmarked for the purchase of 979 ventilators that can be used with both adult and child patients.
IMSS said that it would spend just over 518 million pesos on 264 portable X-ray machines, just under 383 million pesos on 600 medical carts, 234.4 million pesos on 9,000 pulse oximeters (devices that monitor the level of oxygen in a patient’s blood) and 54.4 million pesos on 126 basic ultrasound machines.
An additional 87.4 million pesos would be spent on 529 hospital beds including 100 intensive care beds.
The total expenditure outlined is less than 5 billion pesos but IMSS said that prices could rise due to variations in the exchange rate between the Mexican peso and the United States dollar.
The request for spending approval comes after IMSS asked the SHCP in late March to sign off on its use of just over 3.6 billion pesos to purchase 2,500 ventilators and 4,121 vital signs monitors for the treatment of Covid-19 patients.
IMSS recently acknowledged that it has a deficit of that number of monitors, which are essential for the care of critically ill Covid-19 patients.
Foreign Affairs Minister Marcelo Ebrard announced last week that the government had purchased 5,272 ventilators from a range of countries but didn’t specify how many would go to IMSS hospitals.
In addition to needing more medical devices, health workers say that IMSS and other public hospitals also require additional supplies and personal protective equipment (PPE).
IMSS director Zoé Robledo said on Wednesday that 80% of the institute’s hospitals have at least enough supplies to continue treating Covid-19 patients for the next week.
In 1994 it was the Tequila Effect. Today it's the Gaucho Effect.
Locusts, properly called cicadas, reappear predictably every 13 and 17 years. Sovereign debt crises are less predictably regular.
The last one appeared in 1994, 26 years ago, and the one before that in 1980, 40 years ago. The next one will occur any time now. In fact its epicenter may be traceable to even before the coronavirus outbreak.
Mexico has been historically so materially affected by sovereign debt crises that the 1994 one was popularly dubbed by the financial press the “Tequila Effect” as it spread from country to country. The finger on the next one should point to Argentina, where the “Gaucho Effect” has already begun, with default a reality.
There are some similarities between prior crises and the impending one, but fortunately for affected banks and countries there are also some differences, positive and negative.
A debt crisis occurs when a sovereign nation cannot pay its debts to foreign lenders. Typically it starts in one country and then spreads to many. In the past, the most materially affected have been in Latin America, in particular in the heavily indebted nations of Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador and Mexico.
Non-hemisphere countries such as Yugoslavia joined in during the early 1980s debt crisis, as did almost all the other nations from the Rio Grande to Patagonia.
In the early 1980s I was the CEO of a regional U.S. bank, materially (more than 10% of assets) affected by sovereign defaults, and as a consequence materially involved in seemingly endless rounds of loan renegotiations and reschedulings.
Sovereign lending had been so profitable and trendy in banking circles that I often lectured on its cost/risk benefits at a prominent U.S. graduate school of business. The industry tone was set by the then-CEO of trend-setting Citibank, who stated that sovereign nations do not default. He was wrong. Citi suffered and if sleepless nights had been on the bill, I would have suffered for being wrong, too.
The commodities price boom which started in the 1990s afforded relief to many rescheduling countries, and the chief difference between then and now is that the world economy today is depressed and expansion and its typically rising prices for everything from copper to oil are on few economists’ horizons. The rolling surge in oil prices for oil exporters such as Mexico and then-solvent Venezuela erased the vestiges of the first and second crises from the books of involved banks, and apparently also from their institutions’ historical memories.
A potentially beneficial difference between then and now is that “then” took place in a high interest rate environment and this was reflected in high, renegotiated interest rates. “Now” base rates on which lending margins are calculated are at recent historic lows, so at least initially set rescheduled loan interest rates will be relatively low.
Another “now” benefit, at least to a handful of countries, is that the remitted proceeds of millions of their nationals working overseas to countries such as Mexico will cushion the foreign exchange shock. In a typical, at least typical pre-coronavirus year, money sent back to the home country ranged from an estimated US $30 billion for heavyweight Mexico to a still significant $10 billion for far smaller Guatemala.
Devaluations are also historically part of the disruption debris of rescheduling. In 1994 Mexico’s peso collapsed: the now-collectible 100,000-peso notes are a stark reminder of the chaos in foreign exchange markets. At today’s exchange rate, the bills would be worth almost $5,000, not the $5 currently quoted by one dealer in obsolete banknotes.
Again, on a positive note, banks in Europe and North America have recently undergone “what if?” examinations, called stress tests. Although the exams no doubt role-played developing country debt rescheduling, they equally doubtless did not foresee a coronavirus-type calamity.
Mexico is the object of a double whammy. A recent Woodrow Wilson Center report from Mexico City pegged the interest tab on state-owned oil monopoly Pemex at $11 a barrel, slightly over half of today’s price for benchmark West Texas Intermediate crude oil, and well over half the price of Mexico’s higher-sulfur Maya grade. This whammy joins coronavirus.
If I were to guess, or perhaps think wishfully, the renegotiated NAFTA trade accord will be Mexico’s lifeline, with Mexico displacing China as chief supplier to the U.S. of everything from rubber sink stoppers to pre-fabricated factories.
As the coronavirus crisis threatens to take more lives and inflict heavy economic damage, the federal government has ponied up 511 million pesos (US $21.5 million) to complete the purchase of a baseball stadium in Sonora, triggering a barrage of criticism on social media.
Sonora Finance Minister Raúl Navarro Gallegos said on Thursday that the federal development bank Banobras had transferred the funds for the purchase of the Héctor Espino stadium in Hermosillo. The state will spend the resources on pensions, public security, hospital infrastructure and medical supplies, he said.
President López Obrador announced last August that the government would pay the state just over 1 billion pesos to purchase the baseball stadium in Hermosillo and another in Ciudad Obregón.
The stadiums will become baseball schools, offering regular middle school and high school classes in addition to training would-be major league stars. The possibility of allowing private companies to build hotels and shopping centers in the stadium precincts was also under consideration, said López Obrador, whose favorite sport is baseball.
The news that the sale for the Hermosillo stadium has been completed sparked an outpouring of critical commentary on Twitter.
Clemente Castañeda, a federal senator with the Citizens’ Movement party, called the government’s outlay “irrational and insensitive” considering that the country is in the middle of the coronavirus pandemic.
“The deficiencies in the health sector are many and resolving them is not among [López Obrador’s] priorities. He’s making a mistake by not devoting all his efforts and resources to saving lives,” he said.
The Jalisco senator said that the 511 million pesos spent on the stadium could have been used to purchase 472,000 protective suits for medical personnel treating Covid-19 patients.
Ricardo Alemán, a prominent journalist, also delivered a scathing assessment of the stadium purchase.
“Without a doubt López Obrador is making history! Thousands of people dead and he spent millions on a baseball stadium. It leaves him in the class of idiots like Nero, Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin and close to the criminal [Idi] Amin of Uganda! Or no? And idiots who deny that he is a danger for Mexico abound!” he wrote on Twitter.
The president and the government were also heavily criticized by hundreds of other Twitter users who said that the money should have been spent on personal protective equipment (PPE) and supplies for frontline health workers.
Medical personnel across the country have held numerous protests to demand PPE as Mexico’s Covid-19 outbreak worsens and health workers in at least 15 states are threatening to go on strike if the director of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) does not provide them with the equipment they need to protect themselves.
Margarita Ibarra demonstrates the right way to wash hands: 'I’m not saying you have to scrub them until they bleed, but you have to do a thorough and vigorous job.'
Dr. Margarita Ibarra is a member of the Nephrology Department at Guadalajara’s Civil Hospital and since the appearance of Covid-19 her life has changed drastically.
“Now my life is shaped by rituals,” she says. “I have rituals to follow at the hospital, rituals to follow at home and yet more rituals which get me from one to the other.”
The atmosphere is tense at the hospital, she tells me. “We are all using masks and face shields and everyone on the staff — at absolutely every level — is following the same procedures as I am, day after day because we must constantly act as if we we have been in contact with someone who was positive.”
One of the rituals is getting dressed before entering the hospital’s Covid-19 unit. Although Dr. Ibarra is not assigned to the unit she, like the staff of many other departments, often has to enter the unit to help patients with non-virus problems. Her comments:
“Not only is it important to know how to put on your overalls, face mask, and so on, but far more important is knowing how to take them off, so you won’t end up contaminating some part of your body or your clothes or shoes.”
Dr. Ibarra sanitizes her hospital tennis shoes at the entrance to her laundry room. ‘I have one pair of shoes for home, one for work and another for traveling from one place to the other.’
These things are so important, she says, that somebody is permanently stationed at the entrance “to check that you did everything right and when you come back out, there is somebody else with a clipboard and a checklist. Did you dispose of your gloves and face mask properly? All of this is to avoid wasting precious protective gear and to prevent contamination.”
Many people, says Dr. Ibarra, are going in and out of the Covid-19 unit, “maybe from neurology, endocrinology or from my department, nephrology, because those patients don’t have just the virus, they have all sorts of other diseases too. But there is a rule that no one individual can stay in there more than five to eight hours. Then he or she will be obliged to leave and, if necessary, somebody else will take his or her place and, of course, there will be a total change of protective gear.
“I enter that unit only occasionally. Mis respetos to the people who work there full time.
“Because of this, our resources are being used up very quickly! Overalls, face masks, etc. are sanitized and can never be used again, except for the face shields. A shield can be assigned to one person and reused, but only after sterilizing it. All the other items are thrown away, so they are being consumed really fast, and if we start getting swamped with patients, we are going to run out. So we are very careful about how we are using these things.”
Other rituals apply when Dr. Ibarra leaves the hospital to head home.
“I need to remove my shoes, my pants and other clothes. I spray all the colored clothing with alcohol and my tennis shoes and white clothes with chlorine and put all of it into a bag. Then I put on a pair of transit slippers.
Xela Lloyd Ibarra is in charge of disinfecting each bag of groceries before carrying it into the house.
“Upon arrival at home, I go straight from the car to my laundry room. Here, my colored clothing goes into a bucket of soapy water and the whites and tennis shoes go into another one full of water dosed with chlorine. I have yet another container for face masks, plastic bags, etc. which go into chlorinated water and eventually into the trash. Then I take off my traveling slippers.
“Now, still in the laundry room, I wash my face and hands, not quite ‘until they bleed,’ but close. Next I take a shower and wash my hair, because you never know if a droplet from an infected person got onto your hair or in your ear or maybe on your neck. Finally I put on my house clothes and shoes and start interacting with my family: cooking and doing my normal housework.”
“But even family interaction is affected. “At night,” says Dr. Ibarra, “I say goodbye to my family and go out into the yard by myself. I sleep alone in a tent to limit risks to my husband who had a lung problem in the past.”
These procedures, said the nephrologist, are being followed by everyone at her hospital. “Every nurse, every doctor, every policy maker and every janitor, all of them are changing and disinfecting clothes before they leave. In spite of that, some are being mistreated when they take the bus to go to work, just because of their uniform, because people think they are carrying the virus.”
“Nothing,” says Dr. Ibarra, “could be farther from the truth. We who work at the hospital are far more careful about preventing contagion than anybody else you’ll find on a bus.”
“We are following all these rituals because we health workers consciously consider ourselves asymptomatic carriers of the virus and, in fact, everybody everywhere ought to assume the same thing whenever we step out of our houses and every time we go back home to our loved ones.”
Ibarra shows off the tent she sleeps in every night.
I asked Margarita Ibarra whether Jalisco is ready for the next phase of the pandemic, in terms of ventilators and hospital beds, for example.
“As for ventilators,” she told me, “every other day we get an update on their number. Right now, we have over a hundred of them, but more than half may be in use at any given moment. Just like in normal times, people are still having accidents and getting sick from other diseases.
“In respect to hospitals, we have five in Greater Guadalajara, but whether they will be enough depends totally on whether all of us behave correctly and do the right thing. We think we can succeed if people stay in their homes. But if things get out of hand, if all five hospitals get filled to the bursting point, then I just don’t know what we’re going to do. This is the truth and this is why we want the general public to stay home.”
When asked about people who are ignoring the stay-at-home instructions and trying to slip off to the beach, Dr. Ibarra suggests they pick up a telephone and talk to someone they know in another country. “I did that and found out a good friend from Spain just lost his father to Covid-19. What especially hurt our friend was that his father died not surrounded by his loved ones, but all alone in an empty hospital room … and now his mother is in quarantine.
“Right now the lives of all the healthcare providers in Mexico are in jeopardy. Please — just stay home!”
The writer has lived near Guadalajara, Jalisco, for more than 30 years and is the author of A Guide to West Mexico’s Guachimontones and Surrounding Area and co-author of Outdoors in Western Mexico. More of his writing can be found on his website.
Businesses such as tienditas that are suffering due to the coronavirus crisis could get some technological help from BBVA Next Technologies.
The company, which specializes in advanced software, has launched “Tech4Change,” an initiative designed to help stores transition to online sales, inviting the public to submit proposals for an online platform and app.
Tech4Change’s parent company is the Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA), a Spanish bank and financial services companywith a large presence in Latin America, including Mexico.
“We want to thank the quick response and collaboration received from the more than 700 people who have signed up to help in the development of ideas with their knowledge and experience in technology. Participation in projects is currently closed,” says a notice posted on the company’s website.
The project consists of creating a platform that supports logistics and acts as a portal for online orders for businesses such as small stores, markets and pharmacies that currently do not have the necessary infrastructure to market their products virtually.
Crowd-sourcing a short-term solution to keep businesses afloat during the pandemic is both a practical and altruistic approach to challenging financial times.
One feature of the project will seek to let shoppers know how busy their favorite stores are, thus avoiding an in-person visit, and risk of infection, when there are crowds.
The platform will be based on the information available on Google and would work off of a user’s zip code to show in real-time how many people are shopping at establishments closest to their home.
Miguel Castillo, head of the BBVA Next Technologies program in Mexico, explains the project this way: “Through this initiative we want to put our knowledge and experience in technology at the service of society, taking advantage of the digital tools we have at our disposal and the internal structure that we have generated within the company to facilitate a culture of continuous innovation, which now allows us to do our bit to combat this global crisis. ”
Two days after cutting Mexico’s sovereign rating to just one level above non-investment grade, Fitch Ratings downgraded both the state oil company Pemex and the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) on Friday.
Today’s additional cut leaves Pemex with a long-term rating of BB- with a stable outlook. Fitch also cut CFE’s rating by one notch to BBB-, the agency’s lowest investment-grade level.
“Pemex and CFE’s rating downgrades reflect these companies’ direct linkage to Mexico’s sovereign ratings,” Fitch said in a statement.
The rating agency noted that the state oil company’s rating is three notches below Mexico’s sovereign rating, explaining that its latest downgrade was the “result of the continued deterioration of its stand-alone credit profile (SCP) … amid the downturn in the global oil and gas industry, Fitch’s lower oil price assumptions and the weakening credit linkage between Mexico and Pemex.”
“Pemex’s SCP deterioration reflects the company’s limited flexibility to navigate the downturn in the oil and gas industry given its elevated tax burden, high leverage, rising per-barrel lifting costs and high investment needs to maintain production and replenish reserves,” Fitch said.
The company is saddled with US $105 billion in debt and is predicted to see a decline in its oil revenue due to low prices even though it is partially protected by a large hedging program.
The price of Mexico’s export crude plunged to its lowest level in 21 years late last month at $10.37 per barrel. It closed 37% above that level on Thursday but at $14.17 per barrel is a long way short of the $55 per barrel price seen in the middle of January.
The company’s production cost last year was $14.20 per barrel.
CFE’s rating, Fitch said, is the same as that of the sovereign “given its strong linkage to the government and the company’s SCP.”
The utility reported in February that it had overdue customer debt of 55 billion pesos (US $2.3 billion) at the end of 2019, a 22% increase compared to the end of 2018.
Sister Juana will appear on one side of the new bill.
The Bank of México has announced that the scheduled release of the new 100-peso note in the second half of this year will go ahead as planned, despite the socioeconomic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Those who were dismayed to see the face of feminist poet and nun Sister Juana Inés de la Cruz leave the new 200-peso note that was put into circulation last September will be happy to hear that she will now grace one side of the new 100-peso bill.
The reverse will feature monarch butterflies swarming in the forests of central Mexico.
Some media reports claimed the announcement was well received by a public wary of using cash out of fear of spreading Covid-19, but Banxico’s Alejandro Alegre told the newspaper El Universal that proper hygiene, rather than payment method, is what will help curb the spread of the virus when shopping.
He reminded people to follow the World Health Organization’s recommendations to wash the hands thoroughly after touching any surface, bills and coins included, because all are potential carriers of Covid-19.
He said that anyone is at risk “upon being exposed to any type of surface, including credit and debit cards and the point-of-sale terminals … all surfaces, like the keys to the car or house.”
Banxico announced in February that the new 50-peso bill — which will feature the species of salamander endemic to Mexico City’s Lake Xochimilco and called axolotl — will be put into circulation in 2022.
The new 500-peso note, changed from brown to blue and adorned with the face of 19th-century president Benito Juárez, was released in August.
Other plans to update the country’s cash include a phasing out of the 20-peso note and replacing it with a coin.
Former president Peña Nieto and his now ex-wife Angélica Rivera.
The federal government is conducting a probe into the financial transactions carried out by former president Enrique Peña Nieto and members of his family during the 2012-2018 term of his administration, according to a report by the newspaper El Universal.
The Ministry of Public Administration (SFP) sent a letter to the National Banking and Securities Commission (CNBV) this month asking it to access information about transactions completed by Peña Nieto, his ex-wife Angélica Rivera and his four children, Paulina, Nicole, Alejandro and Diego.
The letter, a copy of which was obtained by El Universal, was signed by Public Administration Minister Irma Sandoval and received by the CNBV on April 14.
It says that the SFP is carrying out an investigation into the wealth accumulated by Peña Nieto during his six-year term and asks the CNBV to seek information from at least 50 banks where the ex-president and his close family members might hold accounts.
They include Citibanamex, Santander, HSBC, Azteca, BBVA, the Bank of China México and the Bank of America México.
The financial transactions of former cabinet secretary Luis Miranda are also being investigated.
The SFP also asked the CNBV to seek information relating to transactions made by Peña Nieto and his family members at other financial institutions such as currency exchange houses and credit unions.
In response to a request made by El Universal for comment from the SFP about the authenticity of the letter to the CNBV, a spokesman said that information could not be provided about any investigations the ministry might be conducting.
El Universal also said that it sought comment from Peña Nieto but was unable to contact him. The ex-president has not been seen in public since September 2019 when he was photographed eating at a New York restaurant with his partner Tania Ruiz.
Peña Nieto’s government was plagued by corruption scandals including the so-called “master fraud” embezzlement scheme, in which federal agencies allegedly diverted billions of pesos in public money via shell companies, and the “white house” affair, in which the former president’s now ex-wife purchased a mansion built by a favored government contractor.
El Universal also reported on Friday that the government’s Financial Intelligence Unit (UIF) has asked the CNBV to obtain information about financial transactions carried out by Institutional Revolutionary Party legislator Luis Enrique Miranda and his wife over the past decade.
Miranda was minister of social development for 16 months during the Peña Nieto administration.
Peña Nieto has kept a low profile since he left office, but has been seen occasionally with model Tania Ruiz.
UIF chief Santiago Nieto confirmed on Thursday that the federal deputy is under investigation but offered no details beyond saying that President López Obrador has told him that there must be “zero tolerance” in corruption cases.
The highest profile members of the Peña Nieto government who have been arrested on corruption charges are former cabinet secretary Rosario Robles and Emilio Lozoya, ex-chief of the state oil company.
Robles, who is implicated in the master fraud scheme, is currently in preventative custody awaiting trial, while the government is in the process of attempting to have Lozoya extradited from Spain, where he was arrested in February.
The Wall Street Journal reported in February that Peña Nieto was being investigated by the federal Attorney General’s Office in relation to the acts of corruption allegedly committed by Lozoya, who is accused of benefiting financially from Pemex’s purchase of a fertilizer plant at an allegedly inflated price and receiving US $10 million in bribes from Brazilian construction firm Odebrecht in exchange for a lucrative refinery contract.
Masks can help slow spread of the virus, academics say.
The widespread use of face masks can play an important role in slowing the spread of Covid-19 but the federal government must guarantee a supply for health workers before obliging members of the general public to wear them, say two academics.
Jorge Baruch Díaz, a professor of medicine at the National Autonomous University, told the newspaper El Financiero that “there is scientific evidence that the use of face masks” reduces the risk of infection from respiratory diseases.
“In a hospital environment the risk of infection is reduced by up to 40% if face masks are used,” he said. “Due to their effectiveness, the World Health Organization has always recommended their use for respiratory diseases.”
In a separate interview, Jorge Castañeda Sánchez, a researcher in the department of biological systems at the Xochimilco campus of the Metropolitan Autonomous University, also said that the use of masks can reduce the risk of infection from airborne diseases.
But both academics said the federal government should not make citizens’ use of face masks obligatory until they can guarantee their supply as well as that of other essential personal protective equipment to frontline health workers.
General Motors is planning to help the government in that regard: the automaker announced this week that it will begin making face masks at its plant in Toluca, México state, at the end of April. The company said that it intends to make 9 million masks over six months and distribute them to public hospitals in Mexico City, México state, San Luís Potosi, Guanajuato and Coahuila.
If the federal government were to make the universal use of masks mandatory, the order would have to be accompanied by an information campaign that educates the public about how to wear them properly, the academics said.
If masks are not used correctly – they should cover people’s mouth and nose and fit flush against their face – they can do more harm than good, they said.
Deputy Health Minister Hugo López-Gatell said as much recently, stating that they can give those wearing them a “false sense of security.”
Federal authorities have said on repeated occasions that it will not order their universal use. However, the governments of 11 states and Mexico City have made the wearing of face masks mandatory in some or all public places.
Castañeda claimed that the governments that haven’t made the use of masks compulsory haven’t done so because of the lack of availability.
For his part, Díaz said “if a country or a state has guaranteed the supply of face masks for health personnel and the most vulnerable groups [of society], it can then transition to generalized use of face masks.”
He added that China, Singapore and South Korea all made the use of face masks mandatory and were successful in flattening their coronavirus epidemic curves.
Face masks are not a panacea, said both academics, but their generalized use can help to control the spread of Covid-19.
The Mexico City Metro, where masks are now required.
As part of efforts to reduce Covid-19 transmission, governments in at least 11 states and Mexico City have made the use of face masks mandatory either in all public places or in certain locations.
Starting Friday, all Mexico City Metro passengers must wear masks while inside stations and on trains, Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum announced on Wednesday.
To support the measure, Metro workers will distribute 1 million masks free of charge to passengers at the Pantitlán station. Located in the capital’s east, the station is the busiest in the system during peak hours. Sheinbaum said that city officials will also distribute free masks at most other stations.
In Puebla, Governor Miguel Ángel Barbosa signed a decree stipulating that face masks must be worn in public places. The order took effect on Monday and is being supported by state authorities who are distributing thousands of masks. Despite the decree, people who don’t wear masks while outside will not face sanctions.
State authorities in Tamaulipas, Oaxaca, Durango, Coahuila, Quintana Roo and Yucatán have also ordered the obligatory use of masks by citizens when they are outside their homes. Oaxaca Governor Alejandro Murat said that people who don’t comply could be fined or face other sanctions.
A Metro train wears a face mask in this meme tweeted by Mayor Sheinbaum.
In Nuevo León, people won’t be allowed to board public transit if they are not wearing a mask and their use has also been made obligatory in taxis and private vehicles providing ride share services via companies such as Uber. State Health Minister Manuel de la O Cavazos said that those providing transportation services who don’t uphold the rule will be sanctioned.
In Chilpancingo, the capital of Guerrero, city authorities have made the use of masks mandatory in markets, supermarkets, department stores and public transit, while in León, Guanajuato, citizens must wear them in all public places.
The use of masks is also compulsory for all citizens in Cuernavaca, Morelos, when they are not in their homes, while senior citizens, pregnant women, children and people with respiratory diseases who live in other parts of the state must wear them while outside.
While millions of Mexicans have now been told to wear masks by their local authorities, it appears unlikely that the federal government will make their use in public mandatory across the country. Deputy Health Minister Hugo López-Gatell said last week that there is no solid scientific evidence that the widespread use of masks will help to limit the spread of Covid-19.
He said earlier this month that people can be lulled into a “false sense of security” while wearing masks, believing that they are not susceptible to infection when in fact they are.
