Saturday, May 17, 2025

Thanks to one Guadalajara hiker, ultralight backpacks are made in Mexico

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Volpi Outdoor Gear workshop
Entrepreneur Matteo Volpi, right, worked with veteran cobbler Don Pepe, left, to make a Mexican-made lightweight backpack a reality. Francesca Volpi

When a hiker decides to spend the night sleeping under the stars, he or she becomes a backpacker and is immediately confronted by a dilemma: how can I get the most comfort at my campsite while carrying the least amount of weight?

Overnighting may require protection from the elements and the preparation of meals. Will you bring a tent? A sleeping pad? A cook stove? What about a water purification kit? An air mattress? A chair? A table? Just how far can you go with this?

A few times in the past, I have opted for so much gear that I was forced to forget about an ordinary knapsack and found myself carrying all my necessities in a huge backpack attached to an aluminum frame, upon which numerous extraneous items were piled or tied, making me look like an itinerant tinker from the days of the horse and buggy.

In the 1960s, it was not uncommon for trekkers to carry from 20 to 30 kilos of gear on their back!

Over the years, the trend has gone in exactly the opposite direction — to ultralight hiking.

Volpi Outdoor Gear workshop
Don Pepe supervises a team of senior citizens to construct Volpi backpacks. Francesca Volpi

I first heard about this trend in hiking gear from long-distance hiker Cam Honan, who makes his base here in Mexico but frequently spends months trekking the longest trails in the world.

Honan, an Australian who uses the trail name “Swami,” has walked more than 96,000 kilometers in his lifetime and was named “the most traveled hiker on earth” by Backpacker magazine in 2015.

You may be surprised to learn that Swami typically carries on his back no more than three kilos of equipment, plus food and water.

His secret is simple: he takes full advantage of the wonderfully clever ultralight materials that have replaced leather, canvas, steel and rubber, allowing a modern backpacker to enjoy comfort without paying for it in weight.

Another one of these modern backpackers is 22-year-old Matteo Volpi, who grew up in Guadalajara and started a company, Volpi Outdoor Gear, for making and selling his own high-quality, lightweight hiking backpacks.

“I became interested in hiking and the outdoors when I saw a movie called Into the Wild,” Volpi told me, “which shows — for all of 10 seconds — the protagonist hiking along the Pacific Crest Trail [PCT] that runs through California, Oregon and Washington for over 4,000 kilometers, all the way from Mexico to Canada.”

Matteo Volpi, owner of Volpi Outdoor Gear
Entrepreneur Matteo Volpi in Río Seco Canyon inside Guadalajara’s Primavera Forest.

That 10-second glimpse was enough for him, he said.

“I decided then and there that one day I was going to trek along that trail, even though at the time I was just beginning high school,” Volpi said. “So I started working on this project, saving up money. And finally in 2019, I was able to do it.

“I hiked all the way from the Mexican border to Chester, California (the trail’s midpoint), which is a distance of 1,380 kilometers.”

Along the way, Volpi acquired his trail name, “Olive Oil,” a condiment for which he has a great fondness, perhaps inherited from his father, who was born in Italy. “On the PCT, I used olive oil in all my meals,” he explains, laughing. “I even drank it to finish what was left in the bottle before buying more at resupplies!”

It took Volpi 37 days to do his hike, covering 40 to 50 kilometers a day.

“I had a super-light tent made by Tarptent. This is a cottage industry brand from the United States. It weighs around 500 grams, and I prop it up with my hiking poles. I also have a down trekking quilt that serves me as a sleeping bag but weighs very little.”

Volpi lightweight packs Mexico
The Volpi 40-liter backpack is the first example of ultralight gear made in Mexico.

On that trek, he went without a stove, he said.

“I cold-soaked all my meals. For example, if you want to eat couscous, you just put the grain into a plastic jar, add water and throw the jar into your backpack, where it bounces around for half an hour, during which the grain absorbs the water and, voilà, you have a meal! It’s cold but it’s still good. So you don’t need to carry a stove or a gas can, and you need much less water,” he said.

“Other items I ordered from the U.S. were a down jacket, trekking poles, raincoat, rain pants, sleeping pad, a Columbia [brand] shirt and merino wool socks,” Volpi said. “The socks are made by Darn Tough in Vermont and have an unconditional lifetime warranty: a really good product. And [I wore] Altra hiking shoes. They make shoes for trail running, and thanks to them I never had one blister. Almost all my gear comes from small cottage companies.”

Volpi told me that the biggest problem for Mexicans who want to do one of these long-distance trails is getting all that high-quality ultralight gear.

“I had to buy everything from the U.S., but the duties they levy on this kind of specialized equipment are so high that they actually come up to more than the item you’re buying!” he said.

This situation got Volpi thinking about making his own backpacks. “I wanted to do it right here in Mexico, so I worked up a prototype of a frameless ultralight and showed it to a man I know who has spent his whole life making things like knapsacks and shoes, a real expert in stitching. His name is Don Pepe.

Volpi Outdoor Gear
Senior citizen Don Pepe has been sewing knapsacks and shoes since age 10.

“Of course, he had never worked with ultralight materials before and maybe had never striven for such high quality, but he immediately knew what I was looking for. So we combined his skills with my knowledge of trekking and ultralight, and Don Pepe soon found himself five or six helpers.

“All of them are older people, by the way. They make a great team and really work together well.”

For months, Volpi and his team of senior citizens plugged away at their backpack, which is made of professional-grade materials made by Ripstop by the Roll, a high-end ultralight fabric supplier in the U.S., popular among small startups and cottage brands.

“Slowly but surely,” says Volpi, “we made our backpack better and better until we ended up with a really high-quality product. And because each one is handmade, you could say they are artesanal, handcrafted. I’m happy to add that we are now selling it both in the U.S. and in France.”

The Volpi 40-liter backpack weighs slightly less than 500 grams (17.6 ounces), light enough to allow you to carry just a little more olive oil!

Perhaps you, like one Volpi customer, will find that “it feels like I have nothing on my back,” and, yes, Volpi’s backpack has passed the greatest test of all:

Volpi Outdoor Gear promotional photo
Volpi, which means “foxes” in Italian, resulted in this logo.

“I through-hiked the Pacific Crest Trail using this pack,” says trekker “Balloons” Orozco, “and loved it. It’s the lightest of the market for its capacity, well built, and at the right price.”

(To through-hike means to hike an established trail with continuous footsteps in one direction.)

You can learn more about Volpi and his made-in-Mexico ultralight backpack at the U.S. seller Garage Grown Gear‘s website and on Instagram.

The writer has lived near Guadalajara, Jalisco, since 1985. His most recent book is Outdoors in Western Mexico, Volume Three. More of his writing can be found on his blog.

Long-distance hiker Cam Honan
Long-distance hiker Cam Honan uses an ultralight quilt to stay warm inside a shepherd’s hut in Peru at 4,700 meters. Cam Honan
Pacific Coast Trail
A view of Agnew Meadows on the 4,270-kilometer-long Pacific Crest Trail.

In 8 Zacatecas municipalities, no one wants to be a cop

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A body hangs from an overpass in Cuauhtémoc on Thursday.
A body hangs from an overpass in Cuauhtémoc on Thursday.

Violence in Zacatecas has left eight municipalities with few or no police officers.

Five of them – Monte Escobedo, Tepetongo, Apulco, Cañitas de Felipe Pescador and El Salvador – have no police at all, according to the newspaper El Universal.

Officers abandoned their jobs due to high levels of violence in the northern state, where criminal groups including the Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel operate.

Alejandro Arce Pantoja, a security official in Monte Escobedo, said the municipality has had no officers for 11 months. The municipal police chief, who previously led a force with eight members, was murdered at the start of the year, while the former mayor fled Monte Escobedo in May after receiving threats from organized crime.

Arce said the new municipal government wants to reestablish a police force but can’t find anyone interested in joining.

“… Being a municipal police officer is not attractive to people,” he said.

A detachment of state police is currently in charge of public security in Monte Escobedo, located in southwestern Zacatecas on the border with Jalisco.

In Cuauhtémoc, where 10 bodies were left hanging from an overpass on Thursday, the six municipal police officers didn’t report to work after hearing of the grisly discovery, said Mayor Francisco Javier Arcos Ruiz. He said that one had quit and the other five asked to go on leave.

Arcos told El Universal that when he was told that the officers hadn’t shown up for work on Thursday morning, he went to the highway overpass to attend to the crime scene himself. He also said that he patrolled the streets of Cuauhtémoc with Civil Protection personnel on Thursday.

In Loreto, which like Cuauhtémoc is located in the southeast of Zacatecas on the border with Aguascalientes, officers haven’t shown up for work this week. The municipality’s police chief and two officers were abducted by armed civilians last week. All three were found dead on Monday in Asientos, Aguascalientes.

In Villa Hidalgo, also in the southeast of Zacatecas but on the border with San Luis Potosí, several municipal police force officers recently resigned due to threats from organized crime. The police station, which was attacked earlier this month, closed last week due to lack of personnel.

Officers in Zacatecas have good reason to fear for their lives. Thirty-five police have been murdered in the state this year, eight more than in all of 2020.

With reports from El Universal 

Rosalinda González: alleged CJNG chief comes from a family of narcos

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Rosalinda González, a member of the CJNG cartel
At the time of his disappearance in December 2023, "El Guacho" was wanted by Mexican authorities for kidnapping, a crime he allegedly committed to secure the release of his imprisoned mother-in-law Rosalinda González. (File photo)

Rosalinda González Valencia is much more than just the wife of Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) leader Nemesio “El Mencho” Oseguera Cervantes.

Arrested on money laundering charges in Zapopan, Jalisco, on Monday and remanded in preventative custody, González is allegedly the financial chief of the CJNG, managing its money via its financial arm – a gang founded by her brothers and called Los Cuinis.

Nicknamed La Jefa (The Boss), the 58-year-old has a long criminal history that predates her marriage to El Mencho. She is the niece of Armando Valencia, a patriarch known as El Maradona who founded the Milenio Cartel, a formerly powerful criminal organization that was based in Michoacán.

The Valencia family diversified from the avocado business into the trafficking of marijuana and cocaine in the 1970s and ’80s before later adding synthetic drugs to their portfolio. In the 1990s the Milenio Cartel was among the first criminal groups to begin making synthetic drugs in Mexico, according to a report by the newspaper El País. González was allegedly in the thick of the action, managing the significant revenue the cartel was bringing in.

Rosalinda and her siblings – authorities believe she has about 15 brothers and sisters – dedicated themselves to growing the family’s drug business in the 1990s and later worked together in Los Cuinis, El País said.

cjng sicarios
CJNG sicarios, ready for battle.

El Mencho, who worked with the Valencia family in its avocado orchards before joining the Milenio Cartel, formed the CJNG in 2010 with other former Milenio Cartel members.

According to El País, authorities consider the CJNG and Los Cuinis to be opposite sides of the same coin. The Jalisco cartel moves drugs and wages turf wars to extend the organization’s influence, while Los Cuinis manages the revenues brought in by the CJNG. The latter has built a business empire to launder those resources that includes hotels, restaurants and even beauty salons, El País said.

Rosalinda González, who was also arrested in 2018 but released from preventative prison on bail, is far from the first member of her family to fall foul of the law. Her uncle, El Maradona, spent 17 years in Mexican and U.S. prisons before being released from a facility in Kentucky last year.

Several of González’s brothers have also been arrested and spent time in prison, including Abigael González Valencia, former leader of Los Cuinis, who was arrested in Puerto Vallarta in 2015 and remains incarcerated. He is collaborating with federal authorities in the case of the 43 students who disappeared in Guerrero in 2014.

Another brother, José, was extradited to the United States from Brazil last week on drug trafficking charges, while the 31-year-old son of Rosalinda and El Mencho, Rubén “El Menchito” Oseguera González, was extradited to the United States on trafficking charges last year. A Colima-based federal judge who heard a case against Menchito was executed along with his wife in front of their young children in June 2020.

Federal security forces carried out an operation to arrest the couple’s daugher, Laisha, and her partner in Zapopan this week but did not locate them. El Mencho and Rosalinda’s other daughter, Jessica, is in prison in the United States on trafficking charges.

El País said the marriage of Rosalinda and El Mencho – who was detained twice in the United States on drug charges while in his 20s and deported to Mexico on both occasions – brought together the power of two worlds: that of bazookas and that of dollars.

Together they built a criminal organization now considered one of the most powerful – and violent – in the world. Formerly known as Los Mata Zetas (The Zeta Killers) for killing scores of members of that criminal organization, the CJNG is perhaps most notorious for shooting down a military helicopter with a rocket launcher in 2015.

Its sicarios have killed countless rival gangsters and members of security forces, including scores of police officers in states such as Jalisco and Michoacán.

The CJNG, which was allegedly behind the attempted murder of the Mexico City police chief last year, is also notorious for publishing videos in which it shows off its extensive firepower and makes threats against rivals.

While Rosalinda is now behind bars, El Mencho – wanted in both Mexico and the United States – remains at large.

With reports from El País 

City workers in Veracruz fired after violent incident against street vendor

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bread vendor
The civil servants caught in the video took the bread seller's belongings after a police officer wrestled him to the ground. Video capture

A young man selling bread in Veracruz city was violently restrained and had his belongings confiscated by a police officer and city workers in a video that was recorded in July but only recently went viral on social media.

According to a city press release, the workers involved were dismissed after the incident.

In the video, the bread vendor, who appeared to have a visual impairment, was on the city’s boardwalk when he was approached by the police officer and government workers, the latter employed by the municipal office regulating commerce.

They surrounded him and the officer threatened to restrain him if he did not leave the area.

The man did not move or look at the officer and just held on to his basket of bread.

After a moment, the officer grabbed the man’s arms and wrestled him to the ground as the city workers took the bread basket and a base the man had to support it, breaking the base in the process.

Nearby tourists recorded the incident and asked the city officials to leave the man alone.

 

The city administration admitted misconduct in a press release this week, saying that the workers involved were dismissed at the time of the incident. Mayor Fernando Yunes Márquez said the man’s confiscated product was replaced and that he was offered the option to sell at another site with the appropriate permits.

“I reiterate the commitment of my government to respect human rights and not tolerate a single action against them,” he said. “Similarly, I reiterate that we will continue with the rules for street vendors in our city, always prioritizing that they have the opportunity to work in an orderly fashion for their own benefit and for the benefit of commerce in our city.”

With reports from Milenio

Don’t turn away migrants, AMLO urges Biden and Trudeau at leaders’ summit

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The leaders mostly stayed away from the touchy subjects of energy reform and Cuba.
The leaders mostly stayed away from the touchy subjects of energy reform and Cuba. Twitter

President López Obrador called for an end to the rejection of migrants and a strengthening of the integrated North American economy in public remarks to United States President Joe Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at Thursday’s North American Leaders Summit in Washington D.C.

Speaking in the East Room of the White House, López Obrador said the United States and Canada need to put aside “myths and prejudices” and stop rejecting migrants. Turning them away doesn’t make sense because the United States and Canada lack workers and an ample workforce is needed for economic growth, he asserted.

“Why not study the demand for labor and open migration flows in an orderly way?” he said.

Earlier in his remarks, López Obrador said economic integration is “the best instrument to face up to the competition derived from the growth of other regions of the world, particularly the productive and commercial expansion of China.”

He said China’s share of the global market has increased from 1.7% to 14.4% over the past 30 years whereas the combined market share of the United States, Mexico and Canada declined from 16% to 13%.

“If the trend of the past decade is maintained, in another 30 years, by 2051, China will control 42% of the global market and the United States, Mexico and Canada will be left with 12%, which in addition to being an unacceptable disproportion in the economic sphere, would keep alive the temptation of betting on the use of force to resolve this disparity, which would endanger all of us. That’s why the best, most convenient thing [to do] is to strengthen our economies, strengthen ourselves commercially in North America and the entire continent,” López Obrador said.

He said North America is not producing enough to be self-sufficient, forcing it to import goods from outside the region.

“… The Pacific ports are saturated with goods from Asia. … Why can’t we produce in North America what we consume? Of course we can. It’s a matter of defining a regional economic strategy,” López Obrador said.

Following the summit, the “three amigos,” as the Mexican, U.S. and Canadian leaders are colloquially known, issued a joint statement that at least partially addressed the issues López Obrador raised.

“The complex factors causing an extraordinary increase in irregular migration throughout the hemisphere underscore the need for bold regional cooperation,” they said.

President López Obrador in conversation with US President Joe Biden.
President López Obrador in conversation with US President Joe Biden. Twitter

The leaders said they will work together to address the challenge and affirmed their commitment to adopt “an ambitious and comprehensive approach to safe, orderly, and humane migration management.”

“Our vision is to strengthen and expand access to protection for refugees, asylum seekers, and vulnerable migrants throughout the region,” they said.

“This includes opportunities to access localized protection pathways, integration programs, and support for the most at-risk groups, including internally-displaced persons and human smuggling and trafficking victims. We can help people find safety and sustainable livelihoods within their own countries, prevent their exploitation and combat their stigmatization due to xenophobia and racism,” they said.

“We also commit to strengthening opportunities for legal pathways for migrants to enter our respective countries, whether for seasonal and temporary work, family reunification, or humanitarian protection, including through resettlement.”

The leaders also affirmed their commitment to address the root causes of migration.

In a bilateral meeting with López Obrador, Biden committed to investing in the Sembrando Vida (Sowing Life) tree-planting employment program in the south of Mexico but no dollar figure was announced. The United States had already agreed to collaborate with Mexico on employment programs in the southern region of the country and in Central America. The programs’ central aim is to provide opportunities that dissuade people from heading to the United States.

Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard said after the summit that the United States would invest in a program in southern Mexico and Central America that will probably be called Sembrando Oportunidades (Sowing Opportunities).

“We’re going to be working with the United States agencies in the coming days but the most important thing is that there is a response to what President López Obrador has been suggesting in relation to migration,” he said.

With regard to economic integration, López Obrador, Biden and Trudeau declared that Mexico, the United States and Canada are together an “economic powerhouse,” but acknowledged they can’t rest on their laurels.

“ … For our economies to remain competitive and to propel our future growth, we need to create the right conditions for businesses and workers to thrive. Good regulatory practices, strong labor rights protections, a safe, secure, and reliable cyber ecosystem, predictability in trading relations, strong critical infrastructure, high environmental standards and a continuous dialogue with diverse stakeholders are key priorities,” the leaders said.

Their “highest priority,” they said, was managing and ending the COVID-19 pandemic and driving “a green, equitable, and inclusive economic recovery.”

“Our vision is to support sustainable growth, resilient infrastructure, build upon the foundation established by our trade agreement to protect workers’ rights, and actively promote gender, racial, ethnic, and social equity to unlock the region’s tremendous human capital,” the leaders said.

President López Obrador and Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard at the USMCA summit.
President López Obrador and Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at the leaders summit. Presidencia de la República

“… To ensure that we are ready to face the next pandemic and other health threats, we will look at ways to shore up our medical supply chains, improve global vaccine distribution, support global health security, invest in our health workforce, and combat counterfeit medications. We will also work together toward the recognition of COVID-19 vaccines deemed safe and efficacious by the WHO [World Health Organization] to ensure safe and secure mobility in the region.”

In addition to the coronavirus pandemic and an opioid crisis in the United States and Canada, López Obrador, Biden and Trudeau said that North America is “experiencing a public health epidemic of gun violence, in part due to the diversion of firearms into illegal markets.”

“For example, hundreds of thousands of firearms cross into Mexico annually, empowering transnational criminal organizations and generating irreversible damages to society,” they said.

“To address these issues, and protect our communities from harms emerging from the global illegal drug environment and firearms trafficking facing North America, we need a collective, coordinated approach.  We commit to continue addressing these issues via venues like the North American Drug Dialogue in 2022 and beyond.”

The Mexican government is currently pursuing legal action against U.S.-based gun manufacturers, accusing them of negligent business practices that have led to illegal arms trafficking and deaths in Mexico, where U.S.-sourced firearms are used in a majority of high-impact crimes. Foreign Minister Ebrard said in September that reducing violence in Mexico will be very difficult if the United States doesn’t do more to stop the illegal flow of weapons into the country.

In their joint statement, the three leaders also committed to “taking swift and coordinated action to fight climate change, which increasingly jeopardizes our prosperity.”

Speaking at a press conference after the summit, Ebrard said that López Obrador had expressed gratitude to Biden for his plan to regularize the status of millions of migrants who are in the United States illegally. He said the president also thanked his U.S. counterpart for reopening the land border between the two countries and donating COVID-19 vaccines to Mexico.

Ebrard said López Obrador spoke with U.S. and Canadian officials about reforms his government is undertaking but energy – including a constitutional bill that seeks to overhaul electricity market rules – was not a major discussion point.

United States lawmakers, the governor of Texas and and business organizations in the U.S., Canada and Mexico raised concerns about Mexico’s energy policies and plans on the eve of the leaders’ summit, arguing that they violate USMCA provisions and would adversely affect U.S. and Canadian companies.

“The energy reform wasn’t touched upon,” Ebrard said before conceding that “the president did mention it” when speaking about a range of reforms the Mexican government is pursuing.

“The argument of the president is essentially that the current [energy market] model is not sustainable, it’s very expensive, it means growing subsidies [for private companies]. But [energy] wasn’t a central issue…” he said.

Cuba was apparently not a central issue either. A high-ranking U.S. official said that Biden planned to ask López Obrador and Trudeau to join forces with the U.S. to demand that the Cuban government respect those who are seeking greater freedoms in the Caribbean island nation. Such a request had the potential to irk López Obrador, who has indicated his support for the Cuban government on repeated occasions and hosted President Miguel Díaz-Canel as a guest of honor at this year’s Independence celebrations.

But there was no mention of Cuba in the leaders’ joint statement and none of them referred to the nation in their public remarks.

Thursday’s summit was the first since 2016, when Enrique Peña Nieto and Barrack Obama were hosted by Trudeau in Ottawa. The “three amigos” will next meet in Mexico City in 2022.

With reports from El Universal, Reforma and Milenio 

New book delves into history of US attempt to hunt down Pancho Villa

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U.S. commander John Pershing on Punitive Expedition
The future General John Pershing reviewing troops during 1916's Punitive Expedition. Arizona Historical Society

On March 9, 1916, the legendary Mexican revolutionary Francisco “Pancho” Villa launched an audacious attack on United States soil against the town of Columbus, New Mexico. In response, President Woodrow Wilson sent thousands of U.S. service members into Mexico headed by future World War I commander General John Pershing.

The U.S. military operation, officially called the Punitive Expedition, did not find Villa, but author Jeff Guinn found plenty of unanticipated similarities between that era and current Mexican-U.S. relations in his book, War on the Border: Villa, Pershing, the Texas Rangers, and an American Invasion, published earlier this year by Simon & Schuster.

“The same issues [in] the book exist today,” Guinn said. “There’s resentment on both sides. Beyond that, there’s the question of who should be allowed to cross the border and how that should happen.”

Guinn, who is based in Texas, was inspired in 2015 to write the book after hearing then-presidential candidate Donald Trump call for a “big, beautiful wall” along the border.

The more he researched, the more parallels he found between the present day and the time period.

Pancho Villa wanted poster in Chihuahua
An early 20th century reward poster for the capture of revolutionary Pancho Villa. University of Texas at El Paso Library Special Collections

Then, as now, the border was a place of simmering resentments. Sources of Mexican unhappiness stretched back to the 19th century with the Mexican-American War and the U.S. occupation of Veracruz in 1914 in reaction to a minor incident involving U.S. servicemen in Tampico, Tamaulipas.

In addition, American Texas Rangers had committed what Guinn described as a slaughter of innocent Mexicans during the Mexican-American War.

Americans, on the other hand, feared the Plan of San Diego — a Mexican attempt to send raiding parties against U.S. settlers, farmers and ranchers, a plan that derived its name from a municipality in Texas.

Guinn discovered that America had tried to build a border wall multiple times in the early 20th century without success. When he visited Columbus to watch commemorations of Villa’s raid, he noted lingering hostile sentiment among older Anglos and heard a disdainful comment about Mexicans that is quoted in the book.

“I did not want to finish the book on a depressing note,” Guinn said. “There could be change if people on both sides want [there] to be.”

Guinn did some outreach of his own. The historians he interviewed for the book included Mexican scholars Arnoldo de León and Miguel Levario.

“I also wanted to make sure I talked to some fine historians who didn’t have Anglo last names, who had other ideas and viewpoints,” Guinn said, calling de León and Levario “especially helpful.”

This is Guinn’s 21st book, with previous titles focusing on Americans who have grabbed headlines for varying reasons — from inventors Thomas Edison and Henry Ford to outlaws Bonnie and Clyde to the notorious Jim Jones and Charles Manson.

“All my books have a couple of underlying themes,” Guinn said, including “the difference between mythology and actual history.”

Iconic names populate much of his writing, and he noted that War on the Border features a “larger main cast of characters.”

First and foremost, there was Villa, who was “obsessed with his public image, [who] wanted people to think he was invincible,” Guinn said.

Other protagonists included Villa’s nemesis, the then-Mexican president Venustiano Carranza; future president Álvaro Obregón; and Villa’s fellow revolutionary, Emiliano Zapata. On the American side, there was Pershing, whose army included a promising young officer named George Patton.

author Jeff Guinn
Jeff Guinn has written 21 books about topics as varied as Charles Manson and Thomas Edison. Eduardo Fierro SVC

In Washington, President Wilson monitored not only Pershing’s progress but his own reelection chances in the 1916 presidential campaign and the prospect of the U.S. being drawn into World War I.

It was Villa who drew the U.S. into Mexico.

As Guinn explains, Villa had seen himself as a friend to the U.S. but felt betrayed when Wilson recognized Carranza’s government in 1915. After Carranza’s military leader Obregón inflicted back-to-back defeats on Villa, the revolutionary’s cause plummeted.

To regain momentum, Villa devised a strategy: he would conduct a raid into the U.S. that would trigger an American invasion of his country. This would rally troops to his army, he believed.

“It was very well thought-out by Villa,” Guinn said. “It came close to succeeding.”

However, Villa’s spies underestimated the U.S. military presence in Columbus. Although the American commander was absent during the early-morning raid, civilians and military personnel showed on-the-spot leadership, with the U.S. Cavalry pursuing Villa out of town.

Pancho Villa
Pancho Villa felt betrayed by the U.S. when it recognized the government of Venustiano Carranza in 1915. Arizona Historical Society

According to Guinn, 16 American civilians and soldiers died. Around 80 villistas did — more losses than Villa was expecting.

The Mexican commander did get his hoped-for invasion, however, a 4,800-strong force led by Pershing that featured a celebrated U.S. cavalry unit, a Black fighting force called the Buffalo Soldiers, who would participate in their final mission.

There were also several historic firsts: the Punitive Expedition sent by the U.S. used aircraft for the first time in reconnaissance, although this proved more of a liability than an asset. The U.S. military also mobilized cars and trucks, although it was another unexpected hindrance, given the rough terrain.

Pershing’s orders were to find Villa, not spark a wider conflict. Yet, the Mexican government, and most of the country’s citizens, would not help the invaders.

Two battles between American units and federales resulted in victories for Mexico.

“The American government begins to make up war plans for all-out war against Mexico,” Guinn said. “The Mexican government does the same.”

At one point, Villa was nearly undone by traitors from his own army; the attack badly injured him.

Yet, as loyal villistas carried their leader south, President Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw into northern Mexico — allowing an arguably miraculous escape for Villa.

“Villa would love the fact that even all these years later, the term ‘miraculous’ is being used,” Guinn reflected.

After about a year, after Pershing’s forces had swelled at around 10,000, the Punitive Expedition left Mexico with Villa resurgent.

“Because there was so much resentment of the Americans, [Villa] did get many of the volunteers he was looking for,” Guinn noted. “In 1917, they were enough [for him to] reappear at the head of an even larger force.”

By then, wider geopolitics were in motion.

War on the Border book
Guinn hopes readers will learn as much as he did while researching the book. courtesy of Simon & Schuster

Wilson won reelection, and Carranza oversaw the passage of the Constitution of 1917. That year, Germany made its latest attempt to provoke conflict between the U.S. and Mexico to keep America from entering World War I.

Germany’s foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to Carranza, urging Mexico to attack the U.S. to recover Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. The invitation ultimately came to the attention of the United States.

Not only did Carranza decline the offer, but it became a factor in American entry into World War I.

“I had no idea how long, in how many ways, Germany had been trying to make controversy between our two countries,” Guinn said. “I think it’s going to surprise an awful lot of readers.”

Guinn has learned much from writing the book. While it has led to a backlash among some of his readers, he’s hopeful others will learn from it.

“Any book these days dealing with facts that are not mythological or invented is going to be attacked by some people,” he said.

Yet, he added, “On the other hand, a lot of people are saying, ‘I did not know these things. I wish I had.’ Maybe it will change some minds.”

Rich Tenorio is a frequent contributor to Mexico News Daily.

New caravan leaves Tapachula, plans to meet the first one in Veracruz

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Caravan leader Luis Villagrán rallies the crowd
Caravan leader Luis Villagrán rallies the crowd. Ben Wein

A new 2,000-strong migrant caravan left Tapachula, Chiapas, on Thursday, and plans to catch up to another convoy in Veracruz, which left the border city 26 days ago. 

The migrants congregated in Bicentenario Park at 6 a.m. to begin their northward journey and passed through the first immigration checkpoint at Viva México at about 9 a.m. to no resistance, the same place where National Guard officers in riot gear attempted to block the earlier caravan on October 23. The group hopes to reach Huehuetán on Thursday, 26 kilometers north.

The two convoys are demographically similar, with a wide range of ages, many children, pregnant women and some disabled people. However, there is one marked difference: Haitians, who did not march in large numbers on October 23, are the best represented nationality in the new caravan. 

The Haitian contingent sang in French Creole and played Haitian music from speakers as they advanced. One Haitian woman, who was traveling with a child, manically screamed “Hallelujah” in Pentecostal prayer.

Among the convoy were migrants who were detained by security officials in the previous caravan. They alleged physical abuse by private security officials when they were detained near the Veracruz border, and said they were sent to the prison-like detention center in Tapachula, but later released.

The new caravan leaves Tapachula.
The new caravan leaves Tapachula. Ben Wein

Speaking on Tuesday, caravan leader Luis García Villagrán, a Mexican with the Center for Human Dignity, said President López Obrador’s claim, that migrants were treated well, was contradicted by the actions of federal agents.

“The president has said that in Mexico migrants are helped, they are protected, they are cared for and their human rights are not violated. But the National Guard and the National Immigration Institute (INM) do the opposite: they detain them, murder, and persecute girls, boys, women and men,” he said. 

Pedro, a Venezuelan wearing a mask of President López Obrador, said low wages made staying in Venezuela impossible. “It hurts to abandon your country … but working for $4 I can’t put up with it … we’re going to work. We’re going to do what we couldn’t do in our countries,” he said.

A number of Haitians cited a lack of work opportunities as their reason for leaving Tapachula.

Meanwhile, the other caravan, now in Veracruz, stayed in Jesús Carranza on Wednesday, almost 500 kilometers from Tapachula. Only about 300 migrants remain in that group, according to the Veracruz state government, after the majority gradually turned themselves in to INM officials on the promise of humanitarian visas.

A local newspaper reports on the caravan.
A local newspaper reports on the caravan. Ben Wein

Tapachula is the modern Casablanca: a city flooded with migrants, desperately awaiting their papers, which may never arrive. There were a record 108,000 asylum applications made to the refugee agency COMAR from January-October, 80% higher than in the entire previous administration. Most of those applications were made in the city, near the Guatemalan border.

The legal status of migrants in the city is increasingly clouded: they have been banned from leaving while they await the outcome of their applications to COMAR and the INM. However, both agencies have buckled under the pressure of migrant influxes, leaving undocumented migrants waiting for responses to applications without any reliable time frame.

The INM has not responded to applications for residence for more than two years in some cases, the newspaper El Orbe reported.

The head of COMAR, Andrés Ramírez, said the agency was underfunded and had been overwhelmed, while critics have labelled Tapachula a “prison city.”

Mexico News Daily

Study finds heavy rains were not responsible for Hidalgo floods that killed 16

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An aerial view of the overflowing Tula River.
An aerial view of the overflowing Tula River.

Flooding that contributed to the deaths of 14 COVID-19 patients at a hospital in Tula, Hidalgo, in early September wasn’t caused by heavy rain in the local area but rather runoff from farther afield, according to the National Water Commission (Conagua).

Water that entered an IMSS hospital in Tula on September 7 flooded wards and damaged a generator which would have provided an alternative power supply for the oxygen machines on which patients were dependent. Heavy rain had cut electrical supply to much of the municipality.

In addition to the 14 COVID-19 patients who died, two other patients passed away just before water from the Tula River flooded the facility, according to IMSS director Zoé Robledo.

In an internal report disseminated by President López Obrador’s office this week, Conagua said the flooding was caused by runoff that reached Tula from outside that municipality, in particular the Valley of México, located about 60 kilometers to the south.

It said rain that fell in Mexico City and México state municipalities such as Ecatepec and Chimalhuacán flowed into the Tula River via tributaries and tunnels that drain water from the Valley of México metropolitan area.

Conagua said that runoff from the Sierra de Guadalupe, the collapse of the drainage system in Ecatepec, the overflow of a wastewater canal in Chimalhuacán and an increase in the water levels of dams that regulate water flows in the Tula River all contributed to the severe flooding in Tula.

“It wasn’t local rain but rather runoff from rivers, dams and drainage works in the Valley of México and the state of Hidalgo that caused the flooding,” the water commission said.

Up to 500 cubic meters of water per second flowed into the Tula River during the night of September 6, double the waterway’s capacity to integrate.

Carlos Paillés, a civil engineer and head of the Hidalgo Valleys Environmental Infrastructure Trust, said in late September that a flaw in the design of the Eastern Emission Tunnel (TEO) project, which was completed in 2019, was the main reason why Tula suffered severe flooding.

Paillés described the 30-billion-peso, 62-kilometer-long mega tunnel – built to reduce the risk of flooding in Mexico City – as an “extraordinary hydraulic engineering project” but one that is incomplete because it doesn’t include a canal that would allow runoff to flow into the Tula River at more than one point.

The Central Emission Tunnel, which drains wastewater from Mexico City, also flows into the Tula River as do the Salto, Tlautla and Rosas rivers. In 2017, the federal Environment Ministry called for work to be undertaken to increase the Tula River’s water-carrying capacity but it was never done. The Conagua report said that opposition from environmental groups stopped the project from going ahead.

The federal Attorney General’s Office is investigating to determine whether anyone can be held criminally accountable for the deaths of the COVID patients. The Conagua report said that the deaths occurred due to “a chain of unexpected, extraordinary, inevitable and uncontrollable events.”

With reports from El País 

Can AMLO, Biden and Trudeau get back to important trilateral business?

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Justin Trudeau, AMLO at North American Leaders Conference at White House
President López Obrador and Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in a scheduled meeting Thursday morning at the White House. lopezobrador.org.mx

Rarely in history has the relationship between Mexico and the United States been so ambiguous as today when, by dint of an invitation from President Joe Biden, the North American Leaders’ Summit takes place in Washington, D.C.

It will be the first face-to-face trilateral meeting of North American heads of state since 2016 after they were discontinued by Donald Trump.

U.S. President Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau have met twice in person already this year. First in October, in Rome, as part of the G20 — the international forum that brings together the world’s 20 major economies and accounts for more than 80% of world GDP, 75% of global trade, 60% of the world’s population, as well as 75% of global carbon emissions. They also met just two weeks ago in Glasgow at the United Nations Climate Change Conference, the most important meeting yet on that subject.

A priority for both of those previous summits was reaffirming international efforts to limit the increase in global mean temperature to 1.5 C and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that continue to warm the planet. President López Obrador chose not to attend either of the two summits, so today will be the first time that he is meeting in person with his North American counterparts.

But what will Presidents Biden and López Obrador and Prime Minister Trudeau talk about when they meet today? What kind of agreements might they reach for?

Biden at COP 26 with Mia Mottley of Barbados
US and Canada’s leaders both attended the recent UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow. President López Obrador chose not to. Office of Prime Minister Barbados

Things seem to suggest that the main topics on the agenda will be the economy and competitiveness, security (drug trafficking and smuggling of firearms to Mexico through the U.S. border), COVID-19, migration and climate change.

The last two issues will likely be the most contentious, and the likely outcomes of the meeting will slant toward the individual political yearnings of all three leaders.

President Biden is under relentless internal pressure, by both Democrats and Republicans, to stop the flood of migration at the southern border, and this is one of the major political crises of his first year in the White House.

Also, the U.S. and Canada have both expressed deep public concerns over the negative impacts that President López Obrador’s electricity reform will have on the billions of dollars invested by American and Canadian companies in Mexico.

Adding fuel to the fire, President Biden has mandated that half of all new vehicles sold in 2030 in the U.S. be zero-emissions, and he is also working toward preferential tax incentives to promote the purchase of all-American-built, union-made electric vehicles. Neither Canada nor Mexico looks favorably on these new vehicle policies.

Biden also canceled the Keystone XL pipeline expansion which, given the huge stakes that Canada has in that project, has embittered his relationship with Trudeau.

Cañón_del_Usumacinta protected area in Tenosique Tabasco
The majority of environmental funding for 2022 went to hydraulic infrastructure, not protecting natural areas like this reserve in Tabasco. Alfonsobouchot/Creative Commons

And their positions on what is happening in Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela will be the elephant in the room when the three leaders meet. Will they even bring that up?

It is hard to imagine in the modern history of the Mexico-U.S. relationship two presidents as dissimilar as López Obrador and Biden. Not only do they differ in fundamental visions for their countries (and the world), but their political styles will probably mix like oil and water during their discussions.

Furthermore, President Biden wants to position himself as a champion in confronting the global warming challenge while President López Obrador has chosen to completely ignore this crucial planetary threat.

Differences become especially acute when considering how Biden and López Obrador regard environmental issues, particularly climate change. These differences are strongly reflected in their public policies and investment priorities.

Tackling global warming was one of President Biden’s main campaign promises. On Monday, he launched his new infrastructure program, with strong bipartisan support, for more than US $1 trillion, of which US $73 billion is destined for the electric grid, $47 billion for climate resilience/adaptation, $21 billion for environmental projects and $7.5 billion for electric vehicles.

He has also pledged that the U.S. will reach net-zero emissions by 2050 and reduce greenhouse gases by 50% to 52% below 2005 levels by 2030. As an environmental statement, Biden canceled the Keystone pipeline expansion on his first day as president.

Sembrando Vida worker
A worker tends to saplings at a Tabasco nursery for the Sembrando Vida tree-planting program. File photo

In contrast, fighting climate change is not a priority for President López Obrador.

The construction of the Dos Bocas oil refinery in Tabasco, the “modernization” of another six refineries in Mexico, and Pemex’s acquisition from Shell Oil of the Deer Park refinery in Texas leave no doubt about the government’s continued preference for reliance on fossil fuels. And Mexico’s governmental investments in environmental conservation fall far short of what is needed and what its citizens demand.

Environmental investments in the 2022 federal budget (submitted by the president and approved a few days ago by Congress — in which the ruling Morena party and its allies have a majority) was $41 billion pesos (about US $2 billion). But most of it — 34 billion pesos, or 83% of the total environmental budget — will go to hydraulic infrastructure managed by the National Water Commission (Conagua).

Only 2.16% of the environmental budget will go to the Commission for Natural Protected Areas (Conanp), responsible for protecting biodiversity and environmental services on 91 million hectares throughout the country; 5.95% will go to the National Forest Commission (Conafor), which oversees the country’s extensive forests; and a trifling 0.18% will go to the federal environmental agency (Profepa), responsible for protecting the environment.

On the other hand, the highly controversial federal program Sembrando Vida (Sowing Life) was budgeted 29.5 billion pesos, and two megaprojects strongly criticized for their impacts on the environment and their contribution to climate change got a big chunk of the federal budget: about 63 billion pesos for the Maya Train and 45 billion pesos for the Dos Bocas oil refinery.

At today’s summit, beyond the differences of the three heads of state, the citizens of Canada, the U.S. and Mexico expect that their leaders at least bear in mind the raison d’être for the 2020 U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement: strengthening the longstanding friendship among the countries and their peoples; establishing a clear, transparent, predictable legal and commercial framework for business planning; promoting high levels of environmental protection; and furthering the aims of sustainable development.

Will these men be up to these tasks? Will they be able to find common ground amid their many differences? Will the Three Amigos be back in business?

Omar Vidal, a scientist, was a university professor in Mexico, is a former senior officer at the UN Environment Program and former director-general of the World Wildlife Fund-Mexico.

Richard C. Brusca is a research scientist at the University of Arizona, former executive director of the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, and author of over 200 research articles and 20 books.

Beverage firm ordered to share Johnnie Walker revenues with actor

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The actor accused the company of using his image in an advertising campaign without his consent.
The actor accused the company of using his image in an advertising campaign without his consent.

The Mexican subsidiary of a British multinational alcoholic beverage company has been ordered to compensate actor Gael García Bernal after using his image without authorization in a 2011 advertising campaign.

The Supreme Court ruled that Diageo México must pay García 40% of the revenue it obtained from sales of Johnnie Walker whisky during the period that its caminando con gigantes (walking with giants) campaign ran in September and October 2011.

It is unclear how much the Golden Globe-winning actor will receive.

Known for his appearances in films such as the Oscar-winning Babel, The Motorcycle Diaries and Wasp Network, García filed a lawsuit against the company in 2013. Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled in his favor.

Under federal copyright law, the use of a person’s image in an advertising campaign without his or her permission is illegal.

With reports from Infobae