Just vaccinated and happy in Mexico City. Mexico City Health Ministry
The pandemic continues to wane in Mexico City, the country’s coronavirus epicenter since COVID-19 was first detected here in early 2020.
The city government’s coronavirus spokesman said Friday that the number of active cases had fallen to a “historic minimum” of slightly less than 4,000.
Eduardo Clark was referring to the lowest number of active cases since the end of the pandemic’s first wave last year.
Federal data shows there are just 3,208 active cases in the capital, which has recorded almost 1 million confirmed infections since the start of the pandemic and more than 52,000 COVID-19 deaths, far more in both categories than any other state.
Clark also said that the number of COVID patients in Mexico City hospitals had fallen to 514 from 682 two weeks ago.
“We’re already 60 below the previous minimum that we experienced on July 13 of the present year,” he said.
Clark said that 290 additional patients were admitted to hospitals in the capital over the past week, but he didn’t disclose how many were discharged or died.
He also said that Mexico City will remain low risk green on the federal government stoplight map for at least the next two weeks. The capital switched to green four weeks ago and is currently one of 29 states deemed low risk.
The federal Health Ministry uses 10 indicators to determine the stoplight color in each state, including hospital occupancy levels, the effective reproduction rate (how many people each infected person infects), the weekly positivity rate (the percentage of COVID-19 tests that come back positive) and estimated case numbers per 100,000 inhabitants.
Clark said that the capital’s score is currently the lowest it has been since the stoplight system was introduced in June of 2020.
In other COVID-19 news:
• The Health Ministry reported 3,493 new cases and 256 additional COVID-19 deaths on Thursday. Mexico’s accumulated tallies are currently just under 3.84 million and 290,630, respectively. Estimated active cases number 22,301.
• Just 17% of general care beds set aside for coronavirus patients across Mexico are occupied, and 15% of those with ventilators are in use, the Health Ministry said Thursday. More than 129.2 million vaccine doses have been administered, with more than 75 million Mexicans fully vaccinated and an additional 12.4 million partially vaccinated.
An official helps migrants fill out paperwork at an INM office. Photos from INM Facebook page
Exhausted from walking through Chiapas over the past three weeks, 800 migrants have abandoned the migrant caravan, currently in Oaxaca, to regularize their migratory status in Mexico, the National Immigration Institute (INM) said Wednesday.
The INM said in a statement that 800 migrants in situations of “vulnerability” had received temporary humanitarian visas or permanent resident status.
“… Among those who have received the documents are girls, boys and adolescents, as well as pregnant women [and] people with an illness or disability,” it said.
The institute called on the remaining members of the caravan, which has reached the Isthmus of Tehuantepec region of Oaxaca, to regularize their status.
Its statement read like an advertisement for the benefits of turning oneself in to the INM, even though the institute has a reputation for treating migrants inhumanely.
A migrant undergoes testing at INM offices.
“… One migrant woman accompanied by her two children indicated in INM offices in the state of Morelos that she chose to carry out the regularization paperwork to favor her own safety and that of her family,” the statement said before quoting the woman.
“Walking and finding somewhere to eat is very complicated. With this [visa] card, being here in Mexico is much more comfortable,” she said, according to the INM.
The institute quoted another migrant as saying that caravan members had been deceived and that “when we found out that several colleagues already had their [visa] cards, we also turned to [the INM].”
“… Meanwhile in Oaxaca, girls, boys and adolescents, at their mothers’ sides, celebrated on the stairs of the immigration offices,” the INM statement said.
The newspaper El Universal reported that Central Americans, South Americans and migrants from Caribbean countries such as Haiti and Cuba began abandoning the caravan shortly after entering the state of Oaxaca from Chiapas. They had walked to the Isthmus region from the city of Tapachula, from which the caravan departed in late October.
After approaching INM personnel in the municipality of San Pedro Tapanatepec, migrants were transported to INM offices in the states of Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Morelos, Hidalgo and Guerrero to regularize their status. Migrants were also offered temporary accommodation in shelters in those states.
Interior Minister Adán Augusto López said Friday that approximately 1,200 migrants are still with the caravan.
“… Yesterday they covered 31 kilometers from Zanatepec to Santiago Niltepec,” he said, adding that the caravan had split into two and one group reached the latter town two or three hours before the other.
“The last ones arrived at about nine last night, and it’s expected they’ll walk 25 kilometers today,” López told the president’s morning press conference.
Last week, the group’s number had been estimated at about 2,500.
The interior minister acknowledged that about 800 migrants had voluntarily left the caravan. But some migrant activists spoke of arrests rather than caravan members turning themselves in voluntarily, the news website Latinus reported.
José, a 32-year-old Honduran, said he would continue with the caravan and steer clear of INM personnel. “… They have a lot of people locked up,” he said.
He is far from the only migrant who doesn’t trust Mexican authorities. Members of the caravan refused to undergo rapid COVID-19 testing in Santiago Niltepec on Friday morning because they believe it’s part of a strategy to halt them, El Universal reported.
They also refused face masks despite many of the migrants looking sick and coughing, the newspaper said.
According to El Universal, the migrants claimed that the authorities are attempting to instill “psychological terror” in Oaxaca communities by claiming the caravan is COVID-ridden.
“It’s not humane that the government of Mexico is telling people not to offer help [to us], to close their doors, not to give us medical care,” one migrant said.
“… Since we entered Oaxaca, they’ve been going ahead, terrorizing people. First, they said we had tuberculosis, now COVID.”
An Aguascalientes state police security checkpoint on the border with Zacatecas following an attack on Zacatecas state officers in Villa García on Wednesday. Aguascalientes Public Safety Ministry
Police are coming under attack by organized crime in the latest wave of violence in the central state of Zacatecas.
Armed civilians kidnapped a municipal police director and two officers, following which another armed group attacked state police.
The kidnappings occurred early Monday after an attack on the municipal police station in Loreto, a town on Zacatecas’ border with Aguascalientes. The attackers stole the police director’s vehicle and took captive the two officers who were standing guard at the station before driving to the police director’s home, where he was also taken prisoner.
State police initiated a search for the missing officials and set up road checkpoints. The search effort took them to Villa García, where they were attacked by another armed group. One officer was injured, while seven of the attackers were arrested and had their weapons seized.
The attacks prompted state police in Aguascalientes on Wednesday to conduct security checkpoints in border communities with Zacatecas.
No hay policías en Villa Hidalgo, #Zacatecas. Ningún elemento se presentó a trabajar porque el domingo un comando baleó la Dirección de Seguridad Pública. Ante la poca vigilancia, un grupo de hombres atacó anoche la cabecera municipal y hasta se grabaron celebrando: pic.twitter.com/1WyEIn5ib4
Thursday morning, two bodies were found dumped on a federal highway near the municipality of Enrique Estrada farther north but they remain unidentified, according to the state Attorney General’s Office.
Later that same day, gangsters held a party in the town of Villa Hidalgo, apparently celebrating the closure of the police station after it was attacked last weekend.
Video footage showed armed civilians shouting and playing music in the town’s central plaza.
El Universal reported that the municipal police force had slowly resigned in the face of mounting threats and fears of reprisals. The police station closed on Wednesday due to lack of personnel.
There were reports of state police patrolling in the municipality but none appeared during Thursday’s nights festivities.
Before the events of this week, the police of Loreto, Villa García and Villa Hildalgo had all received threats from criminal groups.
The monarch butterflies at the park’s sanctuary aren't the famous migratory ones, but that means visitors can observe their complete life cycle.
If you get to know one urban park in Guadalajara, make it Parque Metropolitano.
The city’s biggest such manmade green space, it’s a carpet of green covering 108 hectares and a favorite site for joggers and cyclists, as well as soccer, baseball and volleyball players. Great numbers of families also come to Metro Park to picnic on the grass under a shady tree.
One day, I heard a rumor that the park also has a mariposario, a monarch butterfly sanctuary. I decided to go have a look.
Upon arriving at the parking area, I walked up to a sign displaying a map of Metro Park, but it did not mention the butterfly house anywhere. I turned to my wife Susy: “No te preocupes, mi corazón,” I told her. “It’s here somewhere. We just have to start asking everyone we see; as you know, it’s the Mexican way.”
Sure enough, we soon found someone who had heard about the mariposario.
Yoo Hae Sang’s tiny garden of bonsai cactuses at Metro Park.
“Sorry, amigos,” he said. “You’re at the wrong end of the park. You have to go way off in that direction, where the offices are.”
After a nice long walk, we came to a high cyclone fence stretching off both ways into the far distance and topped with barbed wire. Susy was ready to give up the quest, but I began to walk along the fence until I saw some people inside.
“Excuse me,” I shouted. “I can’t tell whether I’ve come to a federal prison or the park’s offices — well, actually, I’m looking for the mariposario.”
“Bienvenidos,” said a worker. “You’re at the right place, but the entrance is way around on the other side — you’ll have to walk another 10 kilometers.”
Actually, he didn’t say that last bit, but I knew that’s what Susy was thinking.
“Um … there’s no gate on this side?”
Yoo works on one of his bonsai “mini-garden” creations.
“Bueno,” he said, and I could see a look of compassion in his eye for two old-timers who needed a break. “Bueno, I’ll let you in this workers’ gate here — but just this once.”
Well, I can think of some countries where they’d never let you slip in the back door, not even “just this once,” so we felt privileged.
Soon, we met a young lady named Naila Campos, who stood in front of a large enclosure entirely covered in netting and filled with milkweed plants.
“Welcome to the mariposario,” she said. “The first thing I should mention is that the monarch butterflies you see here are not the same as the famous migratory butterflies that travel from Canada to Michoacán to reproduce. The ones we have in Guadalajara are local monarchs. They carry out their entire life cycle right here, so you will see eggs, larvae and cocoons, as well as adult butterflies.”
Indeed. This was not a museum. Everything we could see was alive and reproducing. Visitors can spend as much time as they like observing the whole process — and with a biologist to answer all their questions!
“In order to raise monarchs here,” Campos continued, “we grow lots of milkweed plants. The butterflies look for these plants and deposit their eggs on their leaves. When the eggs hatch, the larvae eat the leaves. They only lay their eggs on this one kind of plant because the leaves contain a kind of poison.
Before COVID-19, schoolchildren visited the butterfly sanctuary to get a close-up look at them and learn from resident biologist Naila Campos.
“When the larvae ingest it they, too, become poisonous, and they remain poisonous all the way through to the adult stage. This is their defense against predators. In fact, the very colors of this butterfly tell us it’s poisonous: in nature, any combination of black and orange, yellow or red means, ‘Watch out! I’m dangerous.’”
Campos also told us that this species of monarch butterfly is endemic to this part of Jalisco and has been living in the Primavera Forest and the Barranca de Huentitán (the canyon which forms the northern limit of the city) for a long, long time.
“They don’t need to migrate,” she said, “because here they can find everything they need all year round.”
Schoolchildren come to the mariposario every day to see the butterflies and interact with them. They can also wander along an interpretative trail and learn how to start a backyard garden.
We were about to leave when, next door to the mariposario, we saw a sign announcing bonsai classes.
“Yes,” Campos said. “These classes are offered by a Korean bonsai artist with over 50 years of experience. Why don’t you go take a look at his bonsais? He has hundreds on display.”
A close-up look at a monarch chrysalis.
Another big enclosure surrounded by netting house the plants. Inside, we met the warm and ever-smiling Yoo Hae Sang and his countless bonsais — which, we quickly learned, were far more than miniature trees.
Each creation was a little island displaying a tiny Asian garden — simple, elegant and inspiring. In some of these mini-gardens, I could see exquisite arrangements of cacti, driftwood, orchids and natural rocks. In each case, the little garden rests on a specially made base that is in itself a work of art.
Mr. Yoo (his family name) learned the art of the bonsai at a tender age from his father in war-torn Korea. He has around 250 bonsais on permanent display there.
He took us on a short tour, where we appreciated tiny versions of native Mexican trees like the papelillo (Bursera or “tourist tree”) and the copal. I was also surprised to see miniature bougainvilleas and even oregano plants embellished with “natural art stones,” which Yoo calls “artipiedras” in his unique version of Spanish.
Such stones are greatly appreciated as art objects in Asia, he said, where they are considered very valuable.
Speaking of monetary value, we asked him how much his bonsais sell for.
Visitors to the bonsai center (pre-COVID) learn which rocks can be considered an objet d’art.
“Here in Mexico, they are muy baratos,” he said, meaning very cheap. “This miniature Christmas tree is 500 pesos, for example.”
I asked him which was his favorite creation.
“My favorite is this red copalillo tree — the trunk is just perfect. In the Far East, this bonsai would cost as much as a house.”
You can check out Yoo’s bonsais any day of the week, including Saturday and Sunday, if you go there between 10 a.m. and noon. The mariposario, however, has not yet recovered from the pandemic, so you’ll find its doors locked these days.
Plenty of butterflies, however, still flutter about outside the enclosure, where many milkweed plants continue to thrive.
To reach the bonsai and butterfly centers in Guadalajara’s Parque Metropolitano, ask Google Maps to take you to MHG5+QCQ Zapopan, Jalisco. This will get you to the gate of the fenced-in compound that houses the park’s offices. Here, you can simply tell the guard you would like to visit the bonsais, and you will be given access. If you visit, or have ever been there, let me know what you thought of it in the comments.
The writer has lived near Guadalajara, Jalisco, since 1985. His most recent book is Outdoors in Western Mexico, Volume Three. More of his writing can be found on his blog.
Hundreds of pretty but poisonous milkweed plants grow all around the butterfly sanctuary to attract local monarchs, which deposit their eggs there.
Parque Metropolitano is a huge area of green where families can picnic and play.
Mr. Yoo has over 50 years of experience creating bonsai plants. He learned the skill at a young age in Korea from his father.
Presentation of the new strategy in Tlapa de Comonfort, Guerrero, on Wednesday.
The federal government’s women’s rights agency has launched a strategy to prevent violence against women and girls in the Montaña and Costa Chica regions of Guerrero, where forced marriages continue to take place.
Nadine Gasman Zylbermann, head of the National Institute for Women (Inmujeres), presented the strategy Wednesday at an event in Tlapa de Comonfort, a largely indigenous Mixtec municipality in the Montaña region.
State and municipal authorities will collaborate with the federal government on its implementation.
“We want to prevent violence and transform the lives of women and girls. No more forced marriages that cause so much harm,” Gasman said.
She said the new “comprehensive strategy” will guarantee women’s right to equality and access to basic services.
Gasman also said there will be permanent collaboration between federal, state and municipal authorities on women’s issues, and that Guerrero women and United Nations agencies will participate in a process to identify women’s main needs in the areas of health, diet, education, employment and access to natural resources “so that women have full autonomy.”
Guerrero Governor Evelyn Salgado committed to establishing a state system, and municipal systems, to prevent, respond to and punish violence against women.
“We’re going to walk hand in hand with all of you in your communities. To all women who live in the Montaña region and in all regions of Guerrero, we’re going to give you all the support … of this government,” she said.
“The change and transformation [of women’s lives] will occur hand in hand with you.”
Belén Sanz Luque, Mexico representative of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, said the anti-violence strategy seeks to eliminate barriers to women and girls living a life free of violence.
Among the other authorities involved in the implementation of the strategy are the National Commission to Prevent and Eradicate Violence Against Women, the federal Interior Ministry, the National Human Rights Commission and 21 municipal governments in the Montaña and Costa Chica regions.
The Community of Latin American and Caribbean States summit met in Mexico City in September. Presidencia de México
The federal government’s austerity drive didn’t stop it from spending 2.2 million pesos on two events at the National Palace attended by special guests.
In response to a freedom of information request submitted by the newspaper El Universal, President López Obrador’s office revealed that the cost of a soirée on September 27 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the consummation of Mexican independence and a dinner for attendees of a Latin American political summit earlier the same month was just over 2.2 million pesos (US $107,000).
Around 200 guests, including ambassadors, federal officials, prominent businesspeople and religious leaders, attended the former event, which was hosted by López Obrador. The welcome dinner for the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States summit, held September 18, was attended by the region’s leaders and other officials.
El Universal reported that the September 27 event was held in the National Palace’s central garden and that a range of typical, and mouthwatering, Mexican antojitos (snacks, or literally “little cravings”) and beverages were on offer. Among them: tacos al pastor, tamales, tlacoyos, tostadas, pambazos, horchata and agua de jamaica (a hibiscus flavored beverage).
The venue was elaborately decorated with papel picado (colorful tissue paper with intricately cut designs) and more than 50 tables were adorned with Mexican motifs. A children’s marimba group from Tabasco, López Obrador’s home state, entertained the guests.
News of the government’s 2.2-million-peso outlay on the two events attracted criticism from some social media users who opined that it was incongruent with the government’s so-called republican austerity push. But at least one Twitter user concluded that the cost wasn’t so excessive.
“Do you truly think that the highest ranking public officials are going to eat 10-peso tacos like us? Besides, … there were waiters, cooks and chefs, and … [given] the number of guests that attended, I don’t think it’s a ridiculous outlay,” wrote Twitter user @superboton74.
This Teotihuacán mask was one of the artifacts that INAH said was a fake. Christies.com
Pre-Hispanic Mexican artifacts – including some deemed to be fake – sold for more than 1.6 million euros (US $1.8 million or about 38 million pesos) at an auction in Paris this week that Mexican authorities tried to stop.
The most expensive Mexican piece sold was a Mayan hacha or ax, a Mayan ballgame accoutrement, which went for 692,000 euros. Among the artifacts on offer that the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) has deemed to be fakes was a Teotihuacán mask, which sold for 6,000 euros.
According to INAH, 15 of 72 lots that were promoted as being pre-Hispanic artifacts were in fact more recent fakes.
The auction, which sold items worth a total of almost 3.1 million euros, took place despite Mexico’s objections. The Mexican Embassy in France said in a statement in late October that it had contacted the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs to convey its concern about Christie’s auction and another held by the auction house Artcurial in Paris on Tuesday of last week.
This Mayan ax sold for 692,000 euros, more than three times the expected price. Christies.com
In a new statement issued Tuesday of this week, the Mexican Embassy, along with those of Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia and Peru, once again raised concerns about the commercialization of “cultural assets.”
The embassies expressed their “energetic rejection” of the sale of pre-Hispanic artifacts, asserting that it encourages “pillage, looting, illegal trafficking and laundering of assets … by transnational organized crime.”
“… It deprives the extracted pieces of their cultural, historical and symbolic essence, reducing them to mere objects of decoration for individuals … [and] gives rise to a market of fakes,” they said.
Mexico has failed to halt several recent auctions of pre-Hispanic artifacts in France, but authorities of the two countries signed a letter of intent earlier this year to strengthen cooperation against the illegal trafficking of cultural assets.
However, Culture Minister Alejandra Frausto told the newspaper Reforma that France needs to modify its laws to prevent the sale of such objects at auction.
The art news website Artnet reported that Tuesday’s auction was preceded by an in-person protest, a slew of media articles, and a petition that circulated on Change.org that was signed by 44,767 supporters trying to halt the sale.
But Christie’s defended the auction, saying it was conscious of its “duty to carefully research the art and objects we handle and sell.”
“We devote considerable resources to investigating the provenance of works we offer for sale, and have specific procedures, including the requirement that our sellers provide evidence of ownership,” the auction house said.
The Bank of México projects that inflation in the fourth quarter of 2021 will be the highest year-over-year increase in 20 years.
The Bank of México (Banxico) has raised its annual inflation forecast for the fourth quarter of 2021 to 6.8%, a figure that would be the highest year-over-year increase in 20 years.
Included in a statement issued Thursday to announce that the central bank’s benchmark interest rate was increasing 25 basis points to 5%, the new prediction is 0.6% higher than the previous fourth quarter one made in September and well above the annual inflation target of 3% give or take a percentage point.
It came two days after the federal statistics agency INEGI reported that inflation last month was 0.84% compared to September, the biggest October hike since 1998.
Banxico said that inflation is rising not just in Mexico but around the world due to production bottlenecks, government stimulus, increases in the prices of food and energy sources and the reopening of some services.
“… Global and internal inflationary pressures continue affecting annual general and underlying inflation, which in October were 6.24% and 5.19%, respectively,” the bank said.
“The general and underlying inflation expectations for 2021 [and] the next 12 months … increased again, while the long term ones remain stable at levels above the target,” it said.
The Bank of México predicts that general inflation will fall to 6.3% in the first quarter of next year from the anticipated 6.8% rate between October and December of 2021. It forecasts that inflation will continue to fall quarter over quarter next year and into 2023, reaching 4.8% in Q2 of 2022, 3.9% in Q3 and 3.3% in Q4. The bank forecasts annual inflation will drop to 3.2% in Q1 of 2023, stay at that level in Q2 and decline to 3.1% in Q3.
It said its predictions are subject to a range of upside and downside risks, including external inflation pressures, underlying inflation persistence and depreciation of the peso in the former category and coronavirus restrictions and appreciation of the peso in the latter.
Economists at French bank BNP Paribas and economic research consultancy Pantheon Economics are more pessimistic than the central bank with regard to the outlook for inflation in the final quarter of 2021. The newspaper El Economista reported that their analysts are predicting annual inflation will be 7% this quarter.
Pamela Díaz Loubet of BNP Paribas and Andrés Abadía of Pantheon Economics predicted annual inflation of 4.5% and 4%, respectively, at the end of 2022. They said that their forecasts assumed that Mexico’s economic recovery, and consumer demand, will continue to be weak.
GDP slumped 8.5% in 2020 as the pandemic and associated restrictions ravaged the economy, and Banxico noted that preliminary data showed that there was a contraction in the third quarter of this year. However, the central bank said it expected growth to resume this quarter despite ongoing risks associated with the pandemic, the persistence of an “environment of uncertainty” and anticipated “slack” economic conditions.
The airlines Volaris and VivaAerobus will soon be hearing from Profeco's legal team, the federal consumer protection agency announced.
The federal consumer protection agency (Profeco) has taken action against the airlines VivaAerobus and Volaris, who it says have been committing an “abusive practice” by charging for carry-on baggage.
The agency placed its characteristic “suspended” stickers across the two airlines’ airport kiosks in San Luis Potosí and Puerto Vallarta. But that does not mean that ticket sales or services are prohibited, Profeco clarified. Rather, it signifies the initiation of proceedings against the airlines for violating the law; the airlines’ operations will not be affected in order to avoid inconveniencing consumers.
The move comes just three days after Profeco announced that Mexico’s three biggest airlines, Aeroméxico, VivaAerobus and Volaris, were all violating consumers’ rights by charging for carry-ons, and warned them to stop.
Aeroméxico was able to make peace with the agency and agreed to stop charging for hand luggage carried onto a plane’s passenger cabin.
“In the face of Profeco’s call, the airline ultimately reconsidered,” Profeco said of Aeroméxico. “From now on, will include hand baggage up to 10 kilograms at no extra cost, even for the cheapest tickets.”
Thus, consumers with Aeroméxico basic economy tickets can immediately begin to bring their carry-ons on board, and the airline will shortly post updated terms of sale on its website, the agency said.
Households are shown in blue and persons in red. milenioinegi/la jornada
The size of Mexico’s middle class shrank by 6.3 million people between 2018 and 2020 due to the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic, according to the national statistics agency INEGI.
The middle class was made up of 53.5 million people in 2018 but the number declined to 47.2 million last year, according to INEGI estimates based on data collected by the National Income and Household Spending Survey (ENIGH). The figures include adult and child members of middle class families.
INEGI’s adjunct director of research Gerardo Leyva told the newspaper El Universal that the reduction in the size of the middle class further entrenches Mexico’s status as a country of predominantly lower class people.
The size of the lower class grew by 8.6 million to 78.5 million in 2020 from 69.9 million in 2018, while the upper class shrank to just over 1 million from 1.8 million two years earlier.
“More than 99% of the population of Mexico is lower class or middle class,” Leyva said.
“The middle class is 37.2% of the population and the lower class is 62%. So Mexico continues to be basically a lower class country,“ he said, adding that the data shows that a claim in a 2010 academic book that Mexico is a predominantly middle class country is incorrect.
“The middle class declined because of the pandemic,” the INEGI official said.
Mexico’s GDP shrank by a whopping 8.5% last year as the pandemic and associated restrictions crippled the economy, and millions of people lost their jobs or earned considerably less.
“… The majority of the population is still concentrated in the lower class and I believe it will take some years of progress to be able to change this situation and make the middle class the majority,” Leyva said.
Based on ENIGH data, INEGI also estimates that 42.2% of households across Mexico are middle class.
The percentage of middle class households is higher than the national average in 13 states, among which Mexico City ranks first.
INEGI estimates that 58.9% of households are middle class in the capital. Ranking second to 13th for the highest proportion of such households are Colima, 54.6%; Jalisco, 53.6%; Baja California, 53.1%; Sonora, 51.9%; Baja California Sur, 51.1%; Querétaro, 50.5%; Sinaloa, 50%; Nayarit, 49.9%; Quintana Roo, 45.7%; Nuevo León, 45.6%; Michoacán, 44.6%; and Chihuahua, 43.3%.
The average income of households considered middle class was 22,297 pesos per month (US $1,080) in 2020, while for lower class and upper class households it was 11,343 pesos (US $550) and 77,975 pesos (US $3,775), respectively.
