Tuesday, May 13, 2025

The surprising number of Nahuatl words used in modern Mexican Spanish

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pre-Hispanic depiction of a possum
Indigenous depiction of the tlacuache, the Nahuatl word for possum still used in Mexico today.

English speakers constantly use words borrowed from Latin, Greek, French, German, Spanish and plenty of other languages, but did you know we even have a few words from Nahuatl?

This indigenous language famously spoken by the pre-Hispanic Mexica is still spoken today by around 1.5 million people in Mexico. It once served as a lingua franca among ancient peoples in Mexico and Central America. Curiously, it appears to have originated in what is now the southwestern United States, thereafter slowly spreading southwards.

Because it’s still a living language, English speakers from all over the world have had a chance to interact with Mexico throughout modern history and thus borrow various words from Nahuatl, words like:

  • chocolate
  • tomato
  • coyote
  • tamales
  • peyote
  • guacamole
  • mezcal
  • shack
chocolate cake
Thanks to Mexico’s pre-Hispanic Mexica, you can call this cake “chocolate” — originally a Nahautl word. David Holifield/Unsplash

“Shack?” Believe it or not etymologist David Gold traces this word back to the Nahuatl word xacalli, (note that this x should be pronounced “sh”), also spelled jacalli, meaning “hut with a straw roof.”

He says settlers on the Great Plains of the United States couldn’t use wood for their homes and learned the building techniques of the local Native Americans who spoke Uto-Aztecan languages and used the word xacalli. Audubon’s Western Journal says, “The ranchos are forlorn ‘jacals,’ sheds covered with skins and rushes and plastered with mud.”

If a few Nahuatl words like “chocolate” and “tomato” have found their way into English, far more have inserted themselves into Mexican Spanish.

Read the following. Can you understand what it’s all about?

tianguis
The word tianguis comes from tiyānquiztli, a pre-Hispanic open-air market — something Mexico still has in most cities and towns today.

“While he was in the tianguis, Nacho bought cacahuates for his pet tlacuache. As long as he was there, he looked for atole but couldn’t find any, so he settled for tejuino.”

“I want a popote with it,” he said, and when he didn’t get one, he became angry.

Replied the tejuino maker: “Por favor, cuate, stop this mitote and I’ll give you your popote!”

Easy to follow? If not, here’s a glossary of the words that come from Nahuatl:

Mexican drinking tejuino (corn beer)
A customer about to drink her tejuino (corn beer) through two popotes (straws).
  • Tianguis: from the Nahuatl tianquiz(tli), or a street market. If a tianguis is enclosed, it will be called a mercado.
  • Cacahuate: this means “peanut.” The ancient Mexica used to refer to a ground nut as a tlacáhuatl or “earth cocoa-bean.”
  • Tlacuache: a tlacuache is a possum. This word comes From tlacuatzin, meaning “little fire-eater.”
    How is a possum a fire-eater? Well, in pre-Hispanic mythology, the tlacuache stole fire from the gods (grabbing a firebrand with his tail) and gave it to men. And that’s why the tail of a possum is hairless!
  • Atole: a thick drink popular in Mexico made from corn flour and water, sweetened with piloncillo (brown cane sugar) and flavored with cinnamon, vanilla and maybe chocolate. Atole is what you drink right before you hit the sack.
  • Tejuino: a tart, nonalcoholic beer made from sprouted corn still popular in parts of Mexico. The ancient Nahua viewed it as the “drink of the gods.” If you drink it regularly, they say, it will replace the pathogenic bacteria in your colon with probiotics.
  • Popote: this word, meaning “drinking straw,” is derived from the Nahuatl popotli, referring to the hollow reeds which grew all around the ancient city of Tenochtitlán.
  • Cuate: this word said to come from Nahuatl means “twin.” Today it is used much like “buddy” or “dude.”
  • Mitote: this may have originally referred to the dancing and drinking that went on at ceremonial centers in pre-Hispanic Mexico. In modern times it means “a mess” or “chaos.” Armar un mitote is to make a fuss.

Ready for more? The following paragraph contains a few more Nahuatl words ensconced in the ordinary vocabulary of many Mexicans: “A tecolote peacefully slept in a pochote while a zanate danced in the branches of an amate. Down below, seven escuincles played with their canicas…”

  • Tecolote: this comes from the Nahuatl word for “owl” and is found in the common Mexican dicho or saying, “Cuando el tecolote canta, el indio muere.” (“When the owl hoots, the Indian dies.”)
  • Pochote: also called a ceiba, this is the silk-cotton tree, considered divine in ancient Mexico because its branches, trunk and roots represented the cosmos’ three levels. Many pochote varieties can be recognized by their trunk’s thick spikes.
  • Zanate: this bird is called the great-tailed grackle in English. Legends say it has seven distinct songs, all of which it stole from the sea turtle. It is thought that in these songs you can hear the seven passions: love, hate, fear, courage, joy, sadness and anger.
  • Amate: ficus tree, and also paper made in pre-Hispanic times out of the tree’s bark. Still used today by artisans, ancient peoples used it for communication and religious ceremonies. A crumpled piece of amate paper found in the Huitzilapa shaft tomb in Jalisco dates back to the year A.D. 70.
  • Escuincle: this is a short form of xoloitzcuintle, the Mexican hairless dog breed. Today, the derivative escuincles refers to children. This is not necessarily pejorative, as xolos were considered protectors from evil spirits and the guides who take our souls to the next life.
  • Canica: This word means “marble,” as in the glass balls kids play with. The word supposedly comes from the Nahuatl expression Ca, nican nican! meaning: “This is mine right here!” which you would shout if you thought your marble was the winner.
  • Petatearse: a petate is a mat woven from reeds or palm fronds. It was also used to roll up a corpse for burial. From this comes the verb petatearse. So, se petateó means something like: “He kicked the bucket.”
  • Titipuchal: a great quantity of people or things. So, this sentence — “Mi bisabuelito se petateó por el titipuchal de años” — means: “My great-grandpa died of a superabundance of years.”

Which might sound a bit more chistoso (funnier) like this: “Great-grandpa kicked the bucket because he was older than the pyramids.”

xoloitzcuintle statue
The xoloitzcuintle dog breed dates back to pre-Hispanic Mexico. Its name somehow morphed into today’s escuincle, which can mean “kid,” brat,” “urchin” or “stinker.”

The writer has lived near Guadalajara, Jalisco, since 1985. His most recent book is Outdoors in Western Mexico, Volume Three. More of his writing can be found on his blog.

 

The Laud Codex
From the Laud Codex: a tecolote, or owl, hoots when Mictlantecuhtli, the lord of the underworld, is about to strike.

 

woman holding a petate mat
This woman holds a petate rolled up in her arm. Woven from reeds or palm fronds, it was used as a corpse’s shroud. INAH

 

Florentine Codex
A Nahuatl speaker depicted in the Florentine Codex. The speech scroll indicates talking or singing.

 

Florentine Codex
Pre-Hispanic businessmen speaking Nahuatl, from the Florentine Codex, written in Nahuatl with a Spanish translation by the Franciscan missionary Bernadino de Sahagún.

 

Mexican actors join the Marvel universe in ‘Black Panther: Wakanda Forever’

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Tenoch Huerta plays the villain Namor in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever.
Tenoch Huerta plays the villain, Namor the Sub-Mariner, in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever. Marvel Studios

The second movie in Marvel’s “Black Panther” superhero series — which debuted in Mexico on Thursday and is projected to have a humongous opening in the United States this weekend — has a significant amount of Mexican blood and culture pulsing through its veins.

Most notably, Tenoch Huerta stars as the movie’s villain, Namor the Sub-Mariner, who leads his blue-skinned, water-breathing people on an invasion of the futuristic country of Wakanda. Seen previously as the drug lord Rafael Caro Quintero in Netflix’s “Narcos: Mexico,” Huerta, 41, was born in Ecatepec in the state of México.

“Black Panther: Wakanda Forever” also features Mabel Cadena, 32, in the smaller role of Namor’s cousin, a warrior character named Namora. Cadena was born in Naucalpan in the state of México, grew up in Minatitlán, Veracruz, and can speak Náhuatl (more on that later).

Another main character, Nakia, is played by Lupita Nyong’o, an Academy Award winner in 2014 for best supporting actress in “12 Years a Slave.” Nyong’o, 39, was born in Mexico City to Kenyan political refugees parents who opted to give her the Mexican name Lupita, a diminutive of Guadalupe. Her family moved back to Africa when she was 1, but Nyong’o returned to Mexico as a teen to learn Spanish and lived in Taxco, Guerrero, for seven months. She identifies as Mexican and Kenyan, and these days lives in Brooklyn, N.Y.

Tenoch Huerta and Lupita Nyong'o took a moment to show off their dance moves at the Mexican premiere of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever.
Tenoch Huerta and Lupita Nyong’o took a moment to show off their dance moves at the Mexican premiere of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever. Marvel Studios

Huerta, Cadena and Nyong’o appeared together on Thursday at the Mexican premiere of the 161-minute movie (rated PG-13) at the Cinépolis Plaza Satélite in Naucalpan. Director Ryan Coogler also was present at the red-carpet event, at which Huerta and Nyong’o showed off some dance moves to “Suavemente” by Elvis Crespo and Nyong’o spoke about the feminine power that pulsates through the new movie.

“Black Panther: Wakanda Forever” is the sequel to the 2018 blockbuster based on the Marvel Comics character Black Panther. A sequel was a foregone conclusion after the first one grossed more than US $1.3 billion worldwide, broke numerous box office records and was the highest-grossing film ever directed by a Black filmmaker.

However, planning for the sequel took a sharp turn when the star of the first “Black Panther,” Chadwick Boseman, died in 2020 at age 43 after a private battle against stage 4 colon cancer. Marvel opted to not recast his role of T’Challa, the king of Wakanda known as Black Panther. So for the sequel, T’Challa has died and Wakanda is now a shaky empire — opening the door for the nation of Talokan to stage an overthrow led by its king, Namor.

Huerta plays that character — a quick-tempered, mutant spawn of a human sea captain and a princess from Atlantis — with aplomb, and the role is expected to mark a huge jump in his career. Huerta is also hoping the movie creates a demand for Mexican and other Latin American talent, including those (such as himself) who have brown skin.

“I hope that this film empowers and opens the eyes of producers and directors and platforms in Latin America,” he said at the premiere in Naucalpan, “so that they understand that [Latino] representation matters [and] sells. We are the majority and we deserve to be on the screen.”

In June, Huerta was featured in a Vice.com exposé headlined “New ‘Black Panther’ Star is Calling Out Mexico for its Racism,” so his happiness over the Latin presence in “Wakanda Forever” is palpable. The movie “generates new horizons, new narratives,” he said.

Huerta and others playing characters from Talokin had to learn how to speak a bit of a Mayan language for their roles. It was challenging, they said, although Cadena’s ability to speak Náhuatl (the largest indigenous language still spoken in Mexico) made it a bit easier for her.

Cadena described working on the movie, which also includes a lot of Mexican folklore, as “super beautiful” and especially wonderful because the movie includes “a lot of faces from Latin America.”

Mabel Cadena as the warrior Namora in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever.
Mabel Cadena as the warrior Namora in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever. Marvel Studios

“I feel very emotional to see a face like mine — that represents many stories, many struggles behind it — being part of [the Marvel] universe,” she said. “For me it means being part of a movement [will] open doors in narratives, in the industry, in the stories — and it fills me with faith and enthusiasm for the generations to come.

“I am living a dream that I never had,” she added. “As superheroes in this film … we are extolling the beauty of Latin American culture [and of] beautiful Mayan faces. Our path has not been easy.”

The movie also includes a lot Mexican, Latino and Mesoamerican music. Composer Ludwig Göransson spent time in Mexico City and Lagos familiarizing himself with local music, and the end result is a staggeringly diverse soundtrack. 

Namor’s birth scene, for example, is amplified by Mexican singer Vivir Quintana and Mexican rapper-activist Mare Advertencia Lirika’s haunting vocals on “Árboles Bajo El Mar.” Other pivotal scenes are soundtracked by the dreamy sounds and vocals of Mexican singer Foudeqush on “Con La Brisa,” and there’s also a song by Santa Fe Klan, a 22-year-old rapper from Guanajuato.

Coogler, the director, said the film aims to highlight the cultures of Mexico and Africa and how, after being colonized, the people sustained their traditions and didn’t back down.

“We had experts in Mesoamerican and Mayan culture, we approached different professors from various universities, who helped us to carry out the entire process of the correct representation of culture,” he said.

“Black Panther: Wakanda Forever” is currently playing at movie theaters across North America, including many locations in Mexico.

With reports from Informador and Pitchfork

Foreign Minister Ebrard hits the road for COP27 and G20 Leaders’ Summit

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Foreign Affairs Minister Ebrard speaks at a meeting in Mexico City on Monday.
Foreign Affairs Minister Ebrard speaks at a meeting in Mexico City on Monday. SRE

Foreign Affairs Minister Marcelo Ebrard will represent Mexico at three major international events in the coming days, a role in which he has ample experience due to President López Obrador’s predilection for staying at home.

Ebrard will first attend the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, before traveling to Bali, Indonesia, for the G20 Leaders’ Summit. Later next week he will fly to Ankara, Turkey, for a meeting with his Turkish counterpart, while on Nov. 20 he will be in Qatar to attend the opening match of the FIFA World Cup.

At COP27, as the climate conference is commonly known, Ebrard will present “Mexico’s vision for the transition to clean energy” and outline its commitments to help the world combat climate change, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SRE) said a statement.

The Environment Ministry said earlier this week that Mexico would announce a commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2030 at COP27, which began last Sunday and concludes next Friday. That’s an increase of eight percentage points compared to the nationally determined contribution goal it set in 2016, and there is some skepticism that Mexico will be able to achieve the more ambitious target given its current heavy reliance on fossil fuels for energy production.

Ebrard saw U.S. Special Climate Envoy John Kerry as recently as October, when the U.S. diplomat visited Sonora.
Ebrard saw U.S. Special Climate Envoy John Kerry as recently as October, when the U.S. diplomat visited Sonora. Twitter @m_ebrard

However, Ebrard said Thursday that he would meet with United States climate envoy John Kerry in Egypt to discuss “the expansion of clean energy production in Mexico.”

Mexico needs to increase such production “at a rate even faster than the United States” to ensure it can comply with any clean energy requirements the U.S. imposes on exports to that country, the foreign minister said. During Kerry’s visit to Sonora last month, Mexican and U.S. officials spoke of their shared vision to increase the production of solar, wind, geothermal and hydroelectric energy, he added.

Ebrard, who hopes to win the ruling Morena party’s nomination in order to contest the 2024 presidential election, will meet with leaders of the world’s largest economies at the Nov. 15 and 16 G20 summit in Bali, hosted by Indonesian President Joko Widodo.

U.S. President Joe Biden, Chinese President Xi Jinping, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and new United Kingdom Prime Minister Rishi Sunak are among the leaders who will attend the annual meeting.

“Mexico will actively participate [in the summit] so that the G20 assumes the responsibility that corresponds to it in order to make progress on the priorities of the group in the areas of health, energy transitions, digital transformation, migration, gender equality and women’s empowerment, development, environment and climate change,” the SRE said.

The ministry noted that this year’s leaders’ summit will occur in an “unprecedented context due to the geopolitical situation in eastern Europe because of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and its impact on food and energy security.”

Russian President Vladimir Putin won’t attend the G20 Summit in person but may join virtually, Russian and Indonesian officials said Thursday.

Ebrard said Monday that the war between Russia and Ukraine, food security, global economic growth prospects, inflation and public security will all be discussed in Bali, one of 37 provinces of Indonesia. The discussions won’t be easy but “dialogue is important,” he told reporters in Mexico City.

The opening plenary of the COP27 climate conference occurred on Sunday.
The opening plenary of the COP27 climate conference occurred on Sunday. Flickr / UNclimateconference

The SRE said the foreign minister will also attend a series of bilateral meetings in Bali, including ones with his U.S., Canadian, Spanish and Argentine counterparts and the director-general of the World Health Organization. Mexico is currently in dispute resolution discussions with the U.S. and Canada after those two countries challenged the federal government’s nationalistic energy policies under the USMCA, the North American free trade pact that took effect in 2020.

From Bali, Ebrard will head to Ankara to co-chair with Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu the second meeting of the High Level Mexico-Turkey Commission, the SRE said. Both countries are part of the MIKTA group, an informal partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia, all of which are considered middle powers.

While in Ankara, Ebrard will also meet with business people and members of the Mexican community in Turkey, the ministry said.

The foreign minister will subsequently head to Doha, Qatar, to attend the opening World Cup match between Qatar and Ecuador and Mexico’s first group match against Poland on Nov. 22. The SRE said that Ebrad will represent President López Obrador at the World Cup, and noted that he was invited to attend by the Emir of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.

Among other scheduled activities in Qatar, the foreign minister will visit the Katara Cultural Village, where “he will unveil sculptures by renowned Mexican artist Rodrigo Solórzano, as a symbol of Mexico’s friendship and appreciation of Qatar,” the SRE said.

Ebrard frequently represents Mexico on the world stage as López Obrador — who asserts that “the best foreign policy is domestic policy” — prefers to remain at home to focus on national issues. The president held his morning news conference in Mérida, Yucatán, on Friday and will once again inspect progress on his pet infrastructure project, the Maya Train railroad, this weekend.

Among the recent events Ebrard has attended in López Obrador’s stead are the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II in London in September and the 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York later the same month.

With reports from El Economista and Reuters 

Renowned Mexican architect Agustín Hernández Navarro dies at 98

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Agustín Hernández sits on a couch in a grey room, behind a coffee table with an architectural model.
Agustín Hernández Navarro created iconic works combining pre-Hispanic and futuristic elements.

Agustín Hernández Navarro, who was forced by his mother to study architecture and later became one of the most acclaimed Mexican architects of his generation, died on Thursday afternoon at the age of 98 after 20 days in the hospital, his son Roberto Hernández reported.

“With him goes the last of his generation,” Roberto said.

Hernández Navarro was one of the main exponents of the so-called emotional architecture that fused the teachings of Bauhaus with pre-Hispanic elements. His greatest built project was the Heróico Colegio Militar (Heroic Military Academy), the epitome of Mexican modern architecture and of his own work.

“The Heroic Military Academy has been my most important work because it’s an urban complex with a very organized structure. Reconciling the spaces, the volumetry, the open areas, and the internal functioning of all the cadets in training to give it an order was very difficult,” Hernández said in an interview for Proceso magazine in 2004.

The Heroic Military Academy in Mexico City.
The Heroic Military Academy in Mexico City. Archival photo by Juan López via ArquiMéxico

The building, the size of 35 football fields in the outskirts of Mexico City, managed to combine elements from the ancient cities of Monte Albán, Teotihuacán and Tajín, with modern and futuristic features. In fact, the building was the setting for Arnold Schwarzenegger’s movie Total Recall set in the year of 2080. “It is so nice to see that my work is still relevant,” Hernández told El País in an interview just last month.

He also designed the Escuela de Ballet Folklórico de México (Folkloric Ballet School), whose founder and director is actually Antonio’s sister, Amalia Hernández. Built in 1966, it uses elements inspired by Mexico’s pre-Hispanic history like the trapezoidal and staggered shapes reminiscent of the slope-and-panel architectural style of the Mayan pyramids.

Among his most famous works are also the Meditation Center in the city of Cuernavaca; the Mexican Pavilion at the Osaka Expo in Japan; the Gynecology-Obstetrics Hospital No. 4 in Mexico City; and his own house and office, Casa en el Aire (House in the Air) located in Bosques de las Lomas, Mexico City.

Born in 1924, he studied architecture at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and received numerous national and international recognitions, including the top prize at the Urban Land Institute in the United States; the first place for the Premio Nacional de Arquitectura (National Architecture Awards) and the Medalla de Bellas Artes (Fine Arts Medal), granted in 2019 for a career dedicated to architecture.

With reports from Reforma, El Universal and El País

Yucatán’s ancient Maya ruins of Oxkintok: lots to see in a small space

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Oxkintok
Oxkintok's Devil's Palace, with a statue of a skeleton-like person.

Planning to visit Yucatán? Make time to explore some hidden attractions away from the crowds. The state has several lesser-known but still impressive archaeological sites that will give you insight into ancient Maya life. The remains of the ancient city of Oxkintok is an outstanding example.  

Oxkintok is located among lush vegetation about 70 kilometers south of Mérida off highway 180. The site’s labyrinth, arches and anthropomorphic statues are key highlights. 

The National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) says Oxkintok could mean “the city of the three flint suns,” although other interpretations also exist. It was also called Tzat Tun Tzat or Maxacan, according to INAH.

The city was occupied for around two millennia, from about 500–300 B.C. to around A.D. 1200–1450. Its location between trading routes enabled it to gain prominence in the early Classic period (A.D. 300–550), according to INAH, which says the city became wealthy during the beginning of the Puuc region’s development in the sixth century. 

Oxkintok
The pyramid of the Ah May Group.

While the site is fairly small, there’s plenty to see: archaeologists have discovered several tombs and burial offerings on the site. Expect to spend two to three hours here to see everything.

Once you enter the site from the north, you can walk up to the Ah Canul Group, a section with several plazas and buildings, including palaces.

As you enter the northern section of this group, you’ll see a pyramid with a doorway-like opening on its side. Nearby is the Pop Palace, identified as one of the earliest buildings on the site and named after a matting design on the floor.

There is also an interesting round platform in this area that may be an altar. Another notable building is a pyramid located to the east with a temple on top. But a must-see in this section is the plaza with anthropomorphic statues.

Oxkintok
Oxkintok’s ball court is believed to be one of the oldest discovered in Mexico.

Keep an eye out for the Ch’ich Palace, whose entrance has two statues in fairly good condition that may represent important characters. There’s a notice identifying this palace, so you can’t miss it. Next to it is the Devil’s Palace. There’s a statue here that is thought to represent a skeleton-like person.

Don’t forget to see the plaza towards the east with an arch on a building. You can enjoy some beautiful views from this arch, and during the solar equinoxes in March and September, an astronomical event similar to Dzibilchaltún occurs here. 

South of the site is the Ah May Group, built on a large multilevel platform with a surface area of 15,000 square meters. This group is considered the center of civic and ceremonial activities. I’d advise checking out the 15-meter-tall pyramid with a crowning temple.

Among the many other structures in the the Ah May Group are possible elite residences and altars. The views from here across the site will help you envision Oxkintok’s past splendor. 

Oxkintok labyrinth
Oxkintok’s mysterious structure often referred to as the Labyrinth has three levels thought to symbolize the celestial level, Earth and the underworld. Creative Commons

Perhaps the site’s most intriguing and famous structure is an isolated building called Satunsat, meaning “the place to get lost.” It’s also known as the Labyrinth. It has three levels with passages, stairs and narrow rooms. 

The three levels of Satunsat are thought to represent the ancient Maya’s conception of the universe being in levels — the celestial level, Earth and the underworld, called Xibalba. You can see small openings on this building from the outside that look like mini windows. Unfortunately, the entrance to this building was closed during our visit, so, we couldn’t explore its interior.

The Ah Dzib Group, with several plazas and buildings, is also worth seeing. There’s another beautiful arch here that offers good photo opportunities. INAH believes a ball court in this section is one of the oldest surviving ball courts from the Maya civilization. The Mayan World Museum of Mérida (Gran Museo del Mundo Maya de Mérida) has a magnificent ball ring from this court.

While exploring the site, you’ll also spot some grinding stones that were perhaps used in daily life.

Oxkintok
You can see these unusual grinding stones at various points around the site.

The discoveries at Oxkintok are probably not over: there are unexcavated mounds and ongoing excavation work. 

You can combine a visit to Oxkintok with a trip to the nearby Calcehtok caves in the town of Calcehtok, if you’re up for some physically demanding adventure.

And if you want to see more ancient Maya sites, continue on the Ruta Puuc – a travel route with archaeological sites and caves – including Uxmal

Looking for something a bit less strenuous? The nearby town of Maxcanú is also worth a visit, and will become even easier to visit when its planned stop on the future Maya Train is built.

Maxcanu, Yucatan
After finishing up at Oxkintok, visit nearby Maxcanú for some authentic Yucatán cuisine and a glimpse of Mexican small-town life. Creative Commons

Thilini Wijesinhe, a financial professional turned writer and entrepreneur, moved to Mexico in 2019 from Australia. She writes from Mérida, Yucatán. Her website can be found at https://momentsing.com/ 

Chiapas’ Lacandon Rainforest: see this Eden-like paradise before it’s gone

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Laguna Miramar in the Azul Montes Biopshere Reserve
The Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, part of the Lacandon Jungle, which some tourism companies have stopped visiting in recent months for security reasons. (Creative Commons)

Arriving in Chiapas’ Selva Lacandona (Lacandon Rainforest) is like arriving at the Garden of Eden, like penetrating a portal that connects the earthly to the divine.

Arriving here is to enter an extravagant, secretive green world where the “cats-and-dogs” rain never stops, to enter a habitat that every year is drenched with 2,000 to 5,000 millimeters of rain that blesses, heals and nourishes the life of the jungle.

Coming here means immersing yourself in an oceanic, infinite jungle rooted in Mexico’s deepest southwest.

In the Lacandon Rainforest, one can fall asleep in the tropics and dream of moist evergreen and montane forests,  then awake under a temperate conifer canopy, only to again fall asleep again and awake in a cold montane cloud forest.  It all overflows with abundance.

Lacondon Rainforest in Chiapas, Mexico
The Lacandon is the home to nearly 600 species of trees, including cedar, mahogany and rosewood. Autonomous University of Nuevo León

Visiting the Lacandon Rainforest is to become part of a symphony of mysteries, with questions and answers that lay in the Mexican subconscious.  It is exploring a paradise of more than 1.5 million hectares of rainforest that welcomes both believers and nonbelievers to their own nirvana.

It is a divine thing, a personal evolutionary moment, an earthly heritage that belongs to the people and the Chiapas municipalities of Las Margaritas, Altamirano, Ocosingo, Palenque, Maravilla Tenejapa, Marqués de Comillas-Zamora Pico de Oro and Benito Juárez.

Visiting the Lacandon is to experience, with enormous national pride, the home of 24% of Mexico’s terrestrial mammal species, 44% of its birds, 13% of its fish, 10% of its reptiles and 40% of its diurnal butterflies.

The diversity of the Lacandon is beyond spectacular.  It is simply magnificent.

scarlet macaw in Lancandon Rainforest, Chiapas, Mexico
A scarlet macaw, also known as a Guacamaya roja, living in the Lacandon, which is home to one-third of Mexico’s bird species. Creative Commons

It is finding yourself among 3,400 species of vascular plants and almost 600 species of trees.  It is to fill your mind and soul with the bouquets of mahogany, cedar and rosewood and orchids and bromeliads, while kapoks and other colossal trees stand above like titans, watching everything below.

On its southern border is the Lacantún, a tributary that feeds the Usumacinta River — Mexico’s mightiest, whose name in Nahuatl means “land of little monkeys.” In the Usumacinta, you wade across the same waters that feed the rainforests of the Calakmul and Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserves  that unites us with our Guatemalan brothers and sisters.

Arriving in the Lacandon is also coming home to the world’s largest number of bat species. It is visiting the land of the scarlet macaw, the tapir, the jaguar, the crocodile, the catfish and the spider monkey. It is becoming one with the mighty harpy eagle and the river otter, with Mexico’s largest freshwater turtle (Dermatemys mawii), multicolored butterflies and the howler monkey.

With an invitation from biologist and environmentalist Julia Carabias a decade ago, I traveled to the Lacandon for the first time and felt the same anticipation and excitement as when I first arrived, four decades ago, at my beloved Amazonia.

indigenous resident of Lacondon Rainforest in Chiapas, Mexico
The Lacandon is also home to multiple indigenous peoples in Mexico who have lived there for centuries. MIKE & ILIANA ALCALDE/MÉXICO NATURAL

To visit the Lacandon, I traveled first to San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, then to the Chajul Research Station in the Montes Azules reserve. I stayed at the community eco-lodge Canto de la Selva (Song of the Jungle).

The jungle bewitches, the jungle heals, the jungle educates, the jungle transforms.

Amazonia and the Lacandon are the mothers of all rainforests and home to a myriad of ancestral indigenous peoples and languages.  They are home to gazillions of trees and other flora that generously provide us with food, medicine and oxygen. Every day, their forests suck in millions of tons of carbon dioxide that help mitigate global warming, helping humans survive.

Without these two massive rainforests, we all would be in dire straits.

Lancondon Rainforest in Chiapas, Mexico
Despite human incursion, the massive Lacandon still boasts 1.5 million hectares of rainforest. Semarnat

Let’s forget for a moment the fatuous obsession to build mammoth trains that cut through and destroy the Maya rainforest.  Because the Lacandon is the real Maya train, the biological corridor that connects and gives life, that freely offers its priceless environmental services, that has provided a home for centuries to indigenous peoples and their ancestral knowledge.  All these are divine, evolutionary gifts that we Mexicans still do not appreciate enough.

But arriving in the Lacandon is also to gaze squarely at the contradiction between the divine and the earthly, between the idealized and the real.  It is arriving in a region that has already lost two thirds of its rainforests, and today has only 600,000 hectares of well-conserved forests.

To arrive here is also to emerge in Chiapas, Mexico’s poorest and most forgotten state.  This is the land of the Maya Lacandon, the Tzeltal, the K’iche’, the Mam, the Tzotzil, the Chol and other abandoned peoples who have been largely neglected by politicians in turn, decade after decade, regardless of their political party.

In Chiapas, eight of every 10 inhabitants live in poverty. A third of the population suffers extreme poverty.

Subcomandante Marcos of the EZLN
Subcomandante Marcos, the founder of the Zapatista movement in Chiapas. File photo

According to Mexico’s National Council to Assess Social Development Policies (Coneval), Chiapas is the only one of the country’s 32 states where half of the population lacks a monthly income sufficient to cover basic food needs.  Arriving in Chiapas is to bear witness to where Mexicans live with disgraceful basic education, infrastructural and health services; a state with millions of our citizen compatriots to whom politicians turn only when they need their votes.

And let’s be honest, if it weren’t for the Zapatista insurrection of January 1, 1994, led by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) and its head, Subcomandante Marcos — an idealist turned into an icon for resistance, that spokesperson with a balaclava —many people today would find it difficult to place Chiapas on Mexico’s map.

This is why, dear reader, I urge you to rush to the Lacandon Rainforest. Dare to glide into this Mexican, Latin American and universal paradise.

Get inside, but with respect for the protected areas of Bonampak and Yaxchilán, of Chan-Kin, Metzabok and Nahá, of the Sierra la Cojolita community reserve and the Montes Azules and Lacan-Tún biosphere reserves.

Lacondon Forest in Chiapas
Part of the forest burned to clear the land for farming. Creative Commons

Because, one not-too-distant day in the future, these might be the last strongholds where your children and grandchildren will be able to rejoice at the magnificent Selva Lacandona, our Maya mother rainforest.

If you care to know more about the Lacandon and the conservation efforts that have lasted more than 30 year, I suggest you visit Natura Mexicana or National Geographic’s Welcome to the Jungle: Exploring Mexico’s Lacandón.

  • This article is dedicated to Julia Carabias, with admiration and solidarity, for her more than three-decade long fight to protect the Lacandon Rainforest

Omar Vidal, a scientist, was a university professor in Mexico, is a former senior officer at the UN Environment Program and the former director-general of the World Wildlife Fund-Mexico.

Carlos Slim predicts strong GDP growth as nearshoring increases

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Billionaire Carlos Slim speaking at a business event in September.
Billionaire Carlos Slim speaking at a speaking event in September. Mario Jasso / Cuartoscuro.com

The Mexican economy will boom in coming years as the United States reduces its reliance on Chinese-made products, billionaire businessman Carlos Slim predicted Wednesday.

Speaking at an event at the National Autonomous University (UNAM), Mexico’s richest person said that the U.S. has depended heavily on imports from China for over 20 years but will increasingly look to Mexico due to its “economic confrontation” with the world’s most populous country.

“The products they imported from [China] will have to be produced here,” Slim said.

The magnate said that the United States and Canada could increase their domestic manufacturing capacity, but asserted that only Mexico can compete with China on production costs.

Slim, the owner of companies such as Telcel, Sanborns and Carso Infrastructure and Construction, said that increased investment in manufacturing capacity in Mexico could spur annual economic growth of 6% or higher. Mexico hasn’t seen sustained growth at that level since the 1950s and ’60s, a period when successive governments pursued an economic strategy known as the “Mexican miracle.”

The nearshoring phenomenon is already benefiting the Mexican economy, and Slim believes that benefit will only grow.

“What I see for all of you is a prosperous Mexico with sustained growth, with a lot of opportunities for job creation and economic activities,” he told UNAM students.

Remarks made by Economy Minister Raquel Buenrostro this week support that view, as she said that more than 400 North American companies are planning to relocate to Mexico from Asia.

Slim said he was confident that Mexico will seize the opportunity, although Mexico’s nationalistic energy policies are seen as one barrier to investment.

“Public finances are healthy and will remain healthy until the end of this government, that’s important. I’m convinced that the coming years will be years of a lot of work and a lot of opportunities,” he said.

Slim also said that the North American free trade pact, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, is an important factor in the economic success he envisions. The agreement, which took effect in 2020, allows tariff-free trade for a wide range of products provided certain conditions are met.

Slim also highlighted the importance of oil to the Mexican economy and noted that production is increasing once again.

“What I want to stress is that the world you’re going to get, … the world you’re going to live in will be one of a lot of work, a lot of investment and a lot of [economic] activity,” he told students.

With reports from El País, Milenio and Expansión

AMLO declares he has no money, will rely on govt. pension in retirement

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The president at his Wednesday morning conference.
The president at his Wednesday morning conference. Presidencia de la República

President López Obrador said Wednesday that he intends to live on a government pension once he leaves office in 2024 as he hasn’t accumulated wealth during his long political career.

“I’m president [now] but I have to think about requesting my Issste penion … because I don’t have money,” the 68-year-old told reporters at his regular news conference. Issste is the State Workers Social Security Institute.

López Obrador, who currently earns a net monthly salary of 136,700 pesos (just over US $7,000), said that unlike many other politicians, he hasn’t used the positions he’s held to get rich.

“Even though I was an opposition politician, I could have amassed a lot of money,” said AMLO, who was Mexico City mayor between 2000 and 2005 before running unsuccessfully for the presidency in 2006 and 2012.

“… Opposition politicians also have money, especially those who were corrupted. All of a sudden [some politicians have]  ranches and fine horses, after coming from the social struggle … [they smoke] cigars and [have] latest-model cars,” said López Obrador, who inherited a ranch in Palenque, Chiapas, from his parents.

The president, who prides himself on his personal austerity, said “there is an idea, or there was an idea, that a poor politician is a bad politician.”

He also said there is an idea that his government is opposed to the wealthy. “No! We’re against corrupt people, which is different. Not everyone who has money is evil,” López Obrador said.

The president said earlier this year that he believed he would qualify for an Issste pension of between 25,000 and 30,000 pesos (about US $1,300 to $1,500) a month. He said late last year that he would steer clear of politics once he’s retired, and live a peaceful life on his Palenque ranch.

“I’m going to turn off my phone. My sons and my grandchildren will always be welcome [to visit], but zero politics because we have to hand the baton to those who come behind us,” AMLO said.

Mexico News Daily 

Data shows tourism uptick in September compared to 2021

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A view down a narrow, brightly painted street in Guanajuato.
The number of visitors who stay more than one night at destinations in the country's interior (like Guanajuato, pictured) has also gone up. Foto de Dan Torres en Unsplash

September was a good month for tourism in Mexico, according to new data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) — but it wasn’t quite as good as September 2019, a few months before the COVID pandemic was declared.

In September of this year, Mexico received 2.77 million international tourists, which was a 12.9% increase compared to the same month in 2021, according to INEGI’s International Traveler Survey. However, that number was 8.8 percent lower than the arrivals for September 2019, back when masks were something worn primarily for Halloween and costume parties.

Moreover, the number for September 2022 was a few ticks lower than the 3.1 million international tourists who visited during August 2022, when summer vacationing with the kids was still in high gear.

The survey noted that while many foreign visitors are day-trippers to border towns or cruise ship passengers, there were 1.63 million tourists in September 2022 who stayed over at least one night in the interior of Mexico — a 27.1% increase over September 2019.

Of course, tourists spend money: a total of US $1.8 billion in September 2022, which was better than the US $1.5 billion spent in September 2021 and the US $600 million spent in September 2020, according to INEGI.

The survey also presented average expenditures by each tourist who arrived by air: US $1,057 in September 2022, compared to US $1,123 in September 2021 and US $957 in September 2020.

Overall, for the first nine months of 2022, it was reported that 27.5 million international tourists entered the country, an increase of 22.4% over the same period in 2021 — but still not as many as the 32.8 million for the same period in 2019.

The cumulative January-through-September spending figures for 2022 were US $19.3 billion, which beat last year’s total by 56% and even surpassed the US $16.9 billion spent during the same period of 2019, according to INEGI data, although higher 2022 prices due to inflation have had an impact.

With reports from La Jornada and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI)

Interest rates rise again to record high of 10%

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The central bank's headquarters in Mexico City.
The central bank's headquarters in Mexico City. Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0

As expected, the Bank of México (Banxico) lifted its benchmark interest rate by 75 basis points to a new record high of 10% on Thursday.

Four of five Banxico board members supported a fourth consecutive 0.75 percentage point hike, while Deputy Governor Gerardo Esquivel voted in favor of a more modest 0.5% increase.

The decision came a day after the national statistics agency INEGI reported that annual headline inflation eased slightly to 8.41% in October, but core inflation rose to a 22-year-high of 8.42%.

Banxico said in a statement that “accumulated pressures associated with both the pandemic and the military conflict [in Ukraine] have continued to affect headline and core inflation.”

It said that the central bank board “evaluated the magnitude and diversity of the shocks that have affected inflation” and “considered the increasing challenges for monetary policy stemming from the ongoing tightening of global financial conditions [and] the environment of significant uncertainty,” among other factors.

“… Based on these considerations, the board decided by majority to raise the target for the overnight interbank interest rate by 75 basis points to 10.00%. With this action, the monetary policy stance adjusts to the trajectory required for inflation to converge to its 3% target within the forecast horizon,” Banxico said.

“The board will thoroughly monitor inflationary pressures as well as all factors that have an incidence on the foreseen path for inflation and its expectations … with the objective of setting a policy rate that is consistent at all times,” with two goals, the national bank said: making steady, timely progress toward a headline inflation target of 3% while taking into account the impact on the economy and financial markets.

The Bank of México has now raised its key rate by 6 percentage points since June 2021, when the current tightening cycle began. Each of its four 75 basis point hikes followed increases of the same size by the United States Federal Reserve.

Mexico News Daily