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Remittances to Mexico keep setting records, but the money doesn’t go as far as it used to

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U.S. dollars and coins
A favorable exchange rate for the Mexican peso means purchasing power is down for remittances. (Mathieu Turle/Unsplash)

Remittances continued to flow into Mexico at record high levels in the first two months of the year, but the current strength of the peso is diminishing their purchasing power.

The Bank of Mexico (Banxico) reported Monday that Mexicans abroad sent US $4.51 billion home in February, a 3.8% increase compared to the same month of 2023. It was the highest remittances total ever sent to Mexico in the month of February.

The vast majority of remittances to Mexico come from the United States, where millions of Mexicans live and work.

The total for January and February also increased, rising 3.4% annually to reach a record high of $9.08 billion.

The strong start to the year came after a record high of $63.31 billion in remittances were sent to Mexico last year, a 7.6% increase compared to 2022. Mexico is the world’s second largest recipient of remittances after India.

Meanwhile, remittances out of Mexico increased 32.7% in the first two months of the year to reach $218 million, Banxico said.

Clients wait in line at Western Union, a popular money transfer service.
Clients wait to transfer or receive money at a Western Union office. (Archive)

The ‘super peso’ erodes remittances’ purchasing power 

The stronger the peso, the less remittance recipients receive, as transfers are made in dollars but converted to local currency upon arrival in Mexico.

The peso was trading at around 19.5 to the US dollar at the start of 2023 whereas one greenback now buys about 16.6 pesos. According to Banxico, the average remittance last month was $384. At the current exchange rate, that amount is equivalent to 6,374 pesos, whereas at the start of 2023 it would have converted to 7,488 pesos.

Recipients of remittances — among which are many low-income families — thus receive about 15% less money than they did in early 2023 for a transfer of the same dollar amount. To compensate for the stronger peso, there is evidence that some migrants have increased the amounts they send in dollars.

Market prices
Headline and core inflation remain high, another blow to purchasing power. (Cuartoscuro)

While inflation has declined from the highs of 2022 and early 2023, the headline and core rates in Mexico remain quite high, further eating into the purchasing power of remittances.

Gabriela Siller, director of economic analysis at Mexican bank Banco Base, said on the X social media platform on Monday that the purchasing power of remittances has been on the wane for 16 months — the longest period on record.

“The loss of purchasing power is due to the appreciation of the peso and high inflation in Mexico,” she wrote.

Will 2024 be another record year for remittances?

The bank Banorte believes it will be. In a note published on Monday, the bank said there is a “favorable outlook for remittances in the short term due to positive signs in the United States economy.”

“Our view and that of the market continues to incorporate a ‘soft landing’ for [economic] activity in that country, and therefore we believe that flows of remittances will continue growing throughout 2024,” Banorte said.

A construction worker
A strong outlook for the U.S. construction and service sectors could lead to higher levels of remittances for Mexico, according to Banorte. (Anthony Fomin/Unsplash)

The bank also said that favorable outlooks for the construction and services sectors in the United States — both of which are large employers of migrants — could lead to higher remittances being sent to Mexico.

For his part, the head of Latin America economics at Goldman Sachs, Alberto Ramos, said that a “moderation” of economic activity in the United States coupled with the current high level of remittances “should lead to a moderation” of inflows during upcoming quarters.

While remittances increased in annual terms in January and February, there was a month-over-month reduction in both months.

However, remittances are typically high in December, and February this year had two fewer days than January, making the 1.4% month-over-month decline unremarkable.

With reports from El Financiero, Expansión, EFE and Forbes México

Number of active wildfires down to 69 across Mexico

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A forest fire
A forest fire in Tenango del Valle was just one of many burning in México state and across the country over the weekend. (Crisanta Espinosa Aguilar/Cuartoscuro)

Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (Conafor) reported that 39 forest fires around the country had been extinguished but that 69 were still active as of Monday morning.

In a post on the social media site X, the agency also reported 2,807 combatants were fighting the blazes, which covered nearly 12,000 hectares.

A forestry commission graphic shows the location of wildfires still active on Monday.
A forestry commission graphic shows the location of wildfires still active on Monday. (Conafor)

Earlier Monday, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador addressed the wildfires during his press conference  at the National Palace. At that time, his data showed 84 fires were still active.

The nation’s silver-haired leader also took time during his mañanera to deny that Mexico’s more than 100 fires this year have been caused by real-estate developers wanting to build on that land, something he hinted at last week.

“Real estate interests are also always there,” he said on Wednesday. “I don’t rule it out.”

AMLO clarified his statements on Monday by saying, “From what we have investigated, the number of fires has to do with the drought [and] very high temperatures.”

Firefighting helicopter dropping fire extinguishing chemicals over a forest
Firefighters try to get ahead of a forest fire in Acapulco’s El Veladero National Park earlier this month. (Carlos Carbajal/Cuartoscuro)

He said it cannot be established that there are “bad intentions of developers who want to burn a forest to establish housing,” adding, “More than anything, it is due to accidents” or “the burning of grasslands for livestock and agriculture.”

As of last Wednesday, there were a record 120 wildfires burning in 19 states, according to Mexico’s National Forestry Commission (Conafor). The agency noted that 6,195 firefighters and seven helicopter teams were fighting the blazes that had ravaged 7,137 hectares.

On Monday, Conafor posted updated numbers through 11 a.m. that included 69 active fires in 19 states, covering 11,882 hectares and including 12 fires in natural protected areas.

The president noted that the state of México had the most fires with 11, followed by Guerrero with 10.

According to his data at the time, 3,845 people were fighting the fires: 723 from the forestry commission (Conafor), 1,045 from the Ministry of Defense (Sedena), 338 from the National Guard, 666 from state governments and 1,073 from other agencies.

Overall, from Jan. 1 to March 21, Conafar said 667 forest fires had been recorded in 23 states, in an area of ​​22,247 hectares. Last week, there were 20 new fires, mostly in the states of Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Chiapas, Durango and Morelos.

Federal officials say they have ramped up coordination between different government agencies and entities. The synergy has reportedly allowed a rapid response to fire reports, with an average response time of less than 2 hours, even in remote and difficult-to-access areas, according to officials.

Fire brigades in Veracruz
As of last Wednesday, there are 1,000 firefighters working to extinguish wildfires in Veracruz. (Cuartoscuro)

In terms of area, the state most affected by the fires is Oaxaca, where 6,633 hectares have burned. México state, Veracruz and Guanajuato have each suffered more than 2,000 hectares of damage.

The natural areas affected include the Nevado de Toluca in central Mexico, the Sierra Gorda in northern Querétaro and neighboring states, the La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas and the El Tepozteco archaeological site in Morelos.

With reports from Excelsior and Aristegui Noticias

This week’s weather forecast: Chilly in the north, hot in central and southern Mexico

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The Tijuana River in the rain
The cold front brought rain to Tijuana over the weekend. (Omar Martínez/Cuartoscuro)

Rain and cold weather are expected in northern Mexico, while central and southern Mexico will continue to experience hot weather, the National Meteorological Service (SMN) reported Monday.

Cold front 43 and the ninth winter storm of the season are expected to persistently advance over the northwest and north of the country this week, according to the SMN.

The forecast for Monday predicts cold to very cold weather in the mountainous regions of Baja California, Chihuahua, northern Durango, northern Sinaloa and Sonora. Minimum temperatures in these regions are expected to range from -10 to 0 degrees Celsius, with frost expected in the mountains of Sonora, Chihuahua and Durango.

Showers and heavy rain are also forecast for Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Chihuahua and Sonora.

The cold front could also bring gusts of wind ranging from 100 to 120 km/h in Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango; 80 to 100 km/h in Zacatecas, and 70 to 80 km/hin Sonora and Aguascalientes.

The western coast of the Baja California Peninsula may see waves of 2 to 3 meters high.

sunny weather
While the north cools off, the heat in central and southern Mexico will be intense this week. (File photo)

Hot weather to continue in the rest of the country

Meanwhile, the government of Mexico City has issued a yellow alert due to the forecast of high temperatures ranging between 29 to 31 degrees Celsius.

The yellow alert was issued for the boroughs of Álvaro Obregón, Azcapotzalco, Benito Juárez, Coyoacán, Cuauhtémoc, Gustavo A. Madero, Iztacalco, Iztapalapa, Miguel Hidalgo, Tláhuac, Venustiano Carranza and Xochimilco.

Scorching temperatures between 40 and 45 degrees Celsius are also expected in Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Guerrero, Morelos (south), Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche and Yucatán.

The states of Coahuila, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, State of Mexico (southwest), Puebla (southwest) and Quintana Roo will also see temperatures reach a maximum of 35 to 40 degrees Celsius.

Despite the heat, most of the country is expected to have cloudy to partly cloudy skies.

Due to the high temperatures, the population is advised to take preventive measures such as staying hydrated and closely monitoring chronically ill people, children, and older adults. Authorities also recommend avoiding eating street food as the heat will increase the risk of foodborne illness.

With reports from El Universal

López Obrador chimes in on Mazatlán’s banda music battle

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Banda musicians play for tourists on the beach in Mazatlán.
Banda musicians play for tourists on the beach in Mazatlán. (Máscara Roja/X)

President López Obrador on Monday expressed his support for musicians in Mazatlán who took to the streets last week to defend their right to play on the beaches in the Sinaloa resort city.

The banda sinaloense musicians have “every right” to protest, López Obrador told reporters at his morning press conference.

The musicians protested after Mazatlán hoteliers called for live music to be banned or heavily restricted on the city’s beaches.

One hotel owner, Ernesto Coppel, said he had received hundreds of complaints from American tourists about excessive noise.

He asserted that loud music is causing “tremendous damage” to Mazatlán, but many locals pointed out that banda has been played in the city — and on its beaches — for generations. They also noted that the genre is an important part of local culture.

The Mazatlán mayor said late last week that local authorities had issued more than 50 permits authorizing bands to play on the beaches, and announced that musicians had agreed to not perform late at night or early in the morning.

The president commented on the controversy at his Monday morning press conference.
The president commented on the controversy at his Monday morning press conference. (Lopezobrador.org.mx)

Asked about the issue on Monday, López Obrador said that “the people are very aware and are defending their rights.”

“They wanted to ban … the bands and the musicians objected,” he said.

“I believe they objected because they live from … [their music] and also because it has been a tradition for a long time — centuries. That’s why they mobilized,” López Obrador said.

The president noted that a group of hoteliers — who banded together in an “anti-noise alliance” — called for live music to be prohibited on Mazatlán’s beaches. “Perhaps” municipal authorities didn’t respond quickly enough to their request to put the issue to bed, he said.

“And it became a very peculiar protest of bands. There was music for three or four days in Mazatlán. That’s the way people are — very aware. What’s not good is violence,” López Obrador said, apparently acknowledging that there were clashes between protesters and police.

“But the bands of Sinaloa or the musicians from the bands of Sinaloa protest have every right to protest,” he said.

Mexico News Daily 

Foreign direct investment worth US $31.5B announced for Mexico so far in 2024

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Mercado Libre warehouse workers on the job.
Mercado Libre is one of the companies planning multi-billion-dollar investments in Mexico in coming years. (@ML_Mexico/Twitter)

Foreign direct investment (FDI) of more than US $30 billion is in the pipeline based on announcements made by private companies so far this year.

In the first 2 1/2 months of 2024, private firms announced their intention to invest $31.51 billion in Mexico, according to the Economy Ministry (SE).

The figure is $5.67 billion higher than that reported previously by the SE for the first two months of the year. The ministry said in a statement that the investment announced between Jan. 1 and March 15 is expected to show up in official FDI data in the next two to four years.

Private companies made a total of 73 investment announcements in the period and their projects are expected to generate 39,192 jobs, the SE said.

Well over half of the total investment — 57% — will come from the United States, Mexico’s largest trade partner and source of FDI. Mexico’s next biggest investors based on announcements made so far this year are Germany (17% of the total), Argentina (14%) and China (6%).

The lion’s share of the money — 54% — will go to the manufacturing sector, while the mass media, commercial and transport sectors are set to get 16%, 15% and 14%, respectively.

Automotive factory worker
The majority of the promised investment is destined for the manufacturing sector (Gob MX)

The SE highlighted that 18% of the new investment will go to Querétaro, 14% to México state, 10% to Nuevo León and 5% to Puebla. The other 53% will be divided between other states.

The ministry also highlighted five “main” investment announcements in early 2024. The companies that made them were:

  • E-commerce company Mercado Libre ($2.45 billion)
  • Retailer Walmart ($2.13 billion)
  • Auto parts manufacturer IKD ($178 million)
  • Auto parts maker Minth Group ($173 million)
  • Pharmaceutical company Carnot ($142 million).

Earlier this year, the SE said that investments announced by Coca-Cola bottler and convenience store owner FEMSA ($9.96 billion); Amazon Web Services ($4.96 billion); and DHL Supply Chain ($4 billion) were the three largest in 2024.

They remain the top three investment announcements of 2024, while Mercado Libre and Walmart occupy fourth and fifth place, respectively.

The FDI announced in the first 2 1/2 months of the year is only $4.55 billion less than the total investment recorded in 2023. FDI in Mexico was $36.06 billion last year, according to preliminary SE data, although investment announcements totaled well over $100 billion.

While Mexico is benefiting now from the growing nearshoring trend, it can expect to see more concrete benefits in coming years as the investment recently announced by foreign companies begins to flow into the country.

Scores of companies — including automakers Tesla and Kia, steelmaker Ternium and energy firms Mexico Pacific Limited and Woodside — made multi-billion-dollar investment announcements last year.

Mexico News Daily  

1.2 million tourists visited Quintana Roo for spring break

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A tourist takes a selfie on a beach in Quintana Roo
The record number of visitors was 4.2% more than the same week last year. (Mara Lezama/X)

Tourists came to the state of Quintana Roo in droves last week, setting a new Easter vacation record in the process.

Governor Mara Lezama on Sunday announced that an estimated 1.2 million visitors had arrived during Holy Week (Semana Santa), to sunbathe on the pristine beaches, explore the Maya ruins and take in the nightlife at the state’s 12 tourism destinations.

Beach with tourists in Quintana Roo, Mexico
The spring break influx was facilitated by an increase in the number of international flights arriving daily to Cancún, Chetumal, Cozumel and the new international airport in Tulum. (Mara Lezama/X)

The spring break influx was facilitated by an increase in the number of international flights arriving daily to Cancún, Chetumal, Cozumel and the new international airport in Tulum. 

On Saturday, more than 730 flights — domestic flights included — touched down in the state.

The record number of visitors was 4.2% more than the same week last year, Lezama said in a post on X. State Tourism Minister Bernardo Cueto Riestro estimated that the vacation period will generate nearly US $1.3 billion in revenue.

Quintana Roo carried out a massive security operation to ensure a safe experience for tourists, with 2,000 police and security agents as well as K-9 units patrolling the state across police units, quad bikes and a helicopter. 

“We are very grateful to all those who helped enhance Quintana Roo’s tourism sector which is the livelihood of thousands of families here,” Lezama said. “We are also grateful to all the visitors who chose Quintana Roo as their vacation destination … solidifying our status as the jewel of the Mexican Caribbean.”

State officials reported that hotel occupancy hit 85%, with Lezama asserting that 110,500 of the state’s 130,000+ hotel rooms were booked during Holy Week.

Lezama also celebrated the arrival of the first United Airlines flight from Houston to Tulum on Sunday, and welcomed the 146 passengers aboard.

The Tulum airport — inaugurated on Dec. 1 of last year — received its first international flights on Wednesday, March 28. American Airlines did the honors, flying from Dallas Fort Worth International Airport, with additional arrivals from Charlotte, North Carolina, and Miami landing that same day.

With reports from La Jornada and Excelsior

8 Chinese migrants found dead after boat capsizes near Oaxaca

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Pieces of a capsized boat on a coast in Oaxaca
One migrant survived the accident at sea that killed eight. (@mexnewz/X)

The bodies of eight Chinese migrants were found on a beach in Oaxaca on Friday after the boat in which they were traveling capsized, state authorities said.

The Oaxaca Attorney General’s Office (FGE) reported that seven women and one man were found dead on Playa Vicente, a Pacific coast beach in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec region of Oaxaca.

INM and Guardia Nacional agents move migrants in Tapachula, Chiapas
The Chinese migrants were traveling from Tapachula, Chiapas towards Oaxaca. (Damián Sánchez/Cuartoscuro)

The migrants had been traveling on a boat operated by a Mexican man that left Tapachula, Chiapas, last Thursday, according to a Chinese man who survived the accident.

The FGE didn’t say what happened to the Mexican captain. In a statement on Saturday, it said it was working with federal authorities and the Chinese Embassy in Mexico to identify the eight Chinese victims.

At a press conference on Monday, a spokesperson for China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that China was “paying close attention” to the incident in Oaxaca last Friday.

“The Chinese Embassy in Mexico is in close touch with the Mexican side to further verify the information of the deceased and provide assistance to the surviving Chinese national. It has requested the Mexican side to speed up the investigation into the incident and sent a working group to the site of the incident,” said Wang Wenbin.

The intended final destination of the vessel is unclear, but it was possibly heading all the way to the United States.

“Treacherous boat rides up the coast of Mexico are often used by migrants hoping to cross into the U.S. in an attempt to bypass checkpoints on closely monitored land routes,” reported CNN, which described the sea route as “popular but perilous.”

The deceased Chinese migrants almost certainly entered Mexico from Guatemala before paying a migrant smuggler to transport them north by sea. The municipality of Tapachula is located just north of the border with the Central American nation.

The number of Chinese nationals entering Mexico en route to the United States has recently surged.

United States government data shows that more than 37,000 Chinese migrants were detained after entering the U.S. via its southern border without authorization in 2023, a figure almost 10 times higher than that recorded the previous year. An average of just 1,500 Chinese nations per year were detained by United States authorities at or near the U.S.-Mexico border during the decade before 2023.

The New York Times reported in December that “a growing number of Chinese” had entered the United States in 2023 “through the Darién Gap, exceeded only by Venezuelans, Ecuadoreans and Haitians, according to Panamanian immigration authorities.”

The Darién Gap is a jungle region amidst which the border between Colombia and Panama is located. If they are able to get through the treacherous jungle, migrants still face a long and dangerous journey via Central America and Mexico to get to the United States, whose government has recently pressured its Mexican counterpart to do more to stem northward migration.

The Times reported that Chinese migrants — both affluent people who seek to migrate legally to the U.S. and poorer folk who attempt to reach the country via the Darién Gap and Mexico — are escaping “bleak economic prospects and political oppression” in China.

Ian Johnson, senior fellow for China studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, said in February that “economic reasons” are the main driver of Chinese migration.

The wave of migration from China to the U.S. — via Mexico in a growing number of cases — is “likely to continue for the next several years,” he said.

With reports from EFE and CNN 

Got 1 min? Mexicana launches flights to Los Cabos

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The new flights will depart from AIFA in Mexico City and Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International in Guadalajara. (Mara Lezama/X)

State-owned airline Mexicana de Aviación will now offer flights to Los Cabos, Baja California Sur. On Monday, April 1, the airline inaugurated Los Cabos-bound flights from Felipe Ángeles International Airport near Mexico City (AIFA) and the Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport in Guadalajara (GDL).

Los Cabos was initially to be included as one of Mexicana’s inaugural destinations. However, aircraft operation problems and administrative issues prevented its connection with AIFA.

President López Obrador at a press conference with a model Mexicana airplane
Mexicana, only three months after launching, was slapped with a lawsuit on Wednesday for US $840 million. (Cuartoscuro)

Mexicana is supposed to offer the most affordable flights on the domestic market, with average prices 20% lower than those of its main competitors. According to its website, the round-trip flight between AIFA and Los Cabos starts at 1,149 pesos (US $68) while the flight between AIFA and GDL starts at 899 pesos (US $53). The first route from AIFA has a stopover in Guadalajara.

Flights from AIFA will operate on Mondays, Thursdays, and Sundays, while flights from GDL will also operate on Sundays.

Mexicana, once the country’s flagship airline, relaunched operations on Dec. 26 with an inaugural flight to Tulum, Quintana Roo, after the government acquired the brand. It is based at both AIFA and the new Tulum International Airport and run by the Olmeca-Mexica-Maya company, a military-run firm.  

Since its acquisition, the airline has faced several challenges including obtaining sufficient planes for its fleet. On March 27, a Texas-based company hired by the Mexican government to provide a range of services to Mexicana de Aviación, including obtaining aircraft, sued the airline in a New York court for US $840 million, accusing it of various breaches of contract.

The airline currently services 17 other destinations in Mexico.

With reports from El Financiero and Tribuna de México

Mexico evacuates 34 citizens from Haiti amid turmoil

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All 34 citizens had requested to leave the Caribbean nation. (Alicia Bárcena/X)

Due to the deteriorating political and security situation in Haiti, Mexico staged an operation early Sunday morning to evacuate 34 Mexican citizens aboard a military ship.

The group included 24 women and 10 men, of which seven are minors and four are diplomatic officials, according to statements from Foreign Minister Alicia Bárcena during President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s Monday morning press conference.

Foreign Affairs Minister Alicia Bárcena revealed the details of the special operation during the president’s Monday morning press conference. (Moisés Pablo/Cuartoscuro)

The United Nations Human Rights Office stated on Thursday that Haiti, where violence has killed more than 1,500 people so far this year, is experiencing a “cataclysmic situation” that has brought the turmoil-stricken Caribbean nation “close to collapse.”

The New York Times cited “corruption, impunity and poor governance, together with increasing levels of gang violence” since late February, when several gangs joined forces to attack strategic locations in the capital.

A major factor behind the Mexican rescue operation was “the illicit control that armed groups have over the Toussaint Louverture International Airport” in Port-au-Prince, according to a statement from the Foreign Affairs Ministry (SRE), a situation that “prevents civilians from leaving.”

SRE cited other “violent acts” and “threats to keep the country paralyzed” as reasons behind what Bárcena called “a special operation” by the Mexican Navy.

To rescue the 34 Mexican nationals who were in “a risky situation,” according to López Obrador, Mexico sent a Navy ship into waters near Haiti. The operation began at 4 a.m. on Easter Sunday, according to officials.

The Mexicans were taken by helicopter to the ship, and were due to arrive soon at Puerto Progreso, Yucatán, according to Mexican officials on Monday morning.

The operation was ordered by López Obrador, who noted, “We did a survey in Haiti to see who wanted to return, and everyone who returns does so voluntarily.”

SRE noted that the somewhat secret operation — it was not announced in advance — was conducted by personnel from SRE and the Navy (SEMAR). It  was undertaken in response to a situation in Haiti that includes “shortages of food and basic products, economic paralysis and closure of public services.”

The Mexicans were transferred in two flights by a Navy MI-17 helicopter from the heliport of the Dominican Republic Embassy in Port-au-Prince. The Navy ship ARM Holbox Island was used in the operation (ARM stands for “Armada de México,” in much the same way USS is used to connote “United States Ship”).

The Mexican ambassador in Haiti, Daniel Cámara Ávalos, helped coordinate the operation with SRE and SEMAR.

The SRE statement noted that the Mexican Embassy in Port-au-Prince will remain open “with a minimum number of officials to protect the facilities and serve the compatriots who decided to remain in the Caribbean country.”

With reports from El Universal and El Economista

Why are Mexicans considered one of the oldest civilizations in the world?

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Mexico's Olmecs are considered the "mother culture" of the Americas, and their monuments still stand today. (Shutterstock)

Did you know that Mexico ranks among the oldest civilizations in the world as it was home to the Olmecs, dating back to 1200 B.C.?

The Olmecs influenced various Mesoamerican cultures in modern-day Mexico and Central America, defining everything from religious practices to urban settlement patterns, architectural styles, and trade routes. 

Major Olmec sites across central and southern Mexico. (Wikimedia Commons)

Artifacts found at Olmec sites place the culture among the earliest cradles of civilizations, alongside cultures in Iraq, Egypt, India, China, and Peru.

The Mother Culture of Mesoamerica

The Olmec culture, known as the “Mother Culture,” laid the early foundations that influenced the subsequent cultures of Mesoamerica. It emerged during the Preclassical Mesoamerican period (2500 BC to 200 AD) in what is today the southeast of Veracruz and western Tabasco in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Because it is unknown how this civilization referred to themselves, the name “Olmec” was given by archaeologists based on the presence of rubber in the areas where this civilization thrived. It is derived from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word “Olmecatl,” which means “inhabitant of the rubber country.” 

Both the cultural characteristics and artistic style of the Olmecs extended beyond the Gulf region, spreading from the Mexican states of Morelos to Guerrero and Chiapas to the Guatemalan Pacific coast and Costa Rica. This prevalent influence may be attributed to the extensive trade network established during that period.

Contributions of the Olmecs

An Olmec mask made of jade. Like many European and Middle Eastern civilizations of the time, the Olmecs were skilled craftsmen. (Wikimedia Commons)

Art: The Olmecs are noted for their colossal basalt heads, raging between 8 to 9 feet tall and weighing 20-40 tons. These uniquely Olmec monoliths have striking facial features and appear to be wearing helmets. 

Other colossal sculptures include altars, stelae (upright slabs), and statues. 

Sports: As the oldest culture on record in the Americas, experts believe the Olmec invented the ball game or pok-ta-pok, a ceremonial team sport played by Mesoamerican civilizations, including the Maya and the Mexica.

Writing and science: The Olmecs are also credited with the creation of writing and epigraphy in the Americas, as well as the development of calendars, which later influenced cultures such as the Maya and Nahua. Scientists also believe that the Olmecs were the first Mesoamerican people to understand the concept of zero.  

Religion: the Olmecs introduced the cult of the jaguar, which is present in all Mesoamerican cultures. 

Urbanism: the Olmecs built what archaeologists consider the first planned city in pre-Hispanic Mexico: La Venta in Tabasco. Beyond its architectural achievements, the famous Olmec heads were unearthed in the city. 

Additionally, they are credited with discovering the first conduit drainage system in the Americas.

La Venta’s monumental earthen architecture, great sculptural collection, jade artifacts, and massive offerings are unique in the pre-Hispanic world. 

Other important Olmec archaeological sites include San Lorenzo (the oldest Olmec city) and Tres Zapotes (the last Olmec city) in Veracruz.

Complex B of the archaeological site of La Venta. The city is believed to have been a major stoneworking site, due to the carved heads and statues found in various states of completion. (INAH)

Pre-Columbian cultures influenced by the Olmecs

Despite the Olmecs’ intellectual and cultural achievements, their culture declined significantly between 400 and 350 B.C. for unknown reasons. However, other cultures rose after the Olmecs, further enriching Mexico’s historical wealth. 

Next is a timeline of the most important pre-Columbian civilizations that followed the Olmec in today’s Mexico. 

Zapotec (200 B.C. – 500 B.C.)

The Zapotecs, known as Ben Zaa in their language (“the people of the clouds,”) are the oldest group in the Oaxaca region. Their main city was Monte Albán, now one of Mexico’s most visited archaeological sites. 

The Zapotec city of Monte Alban, in Oaxaca, is one of Mexico’s major tourist attractions. (Vadim Petrakov/Shutterstock)

Maya (350 B.C. – 1697 A.D)

This is one of the best-known cultures of Mesoamerica. It developed over an approximate area of 325,000 km2, covering parts of Chiapas, Tabasco, the Yucatan Peninsula, and part of Central America. They survived until contact with the Spanish, after which point their empire quickly declined.

One of the 7 New Wonders of the world is the Maya archaeological site of Chichen Itzá.

Teotihuacán (100 B.C. – 600 A.D.)

The Teotihuacán culture thrived in the Teotihuacán Valley, central Mexico. Their city, Teotihuacán, is considered one of the most intricate cities of the ancient world. This culture is recognized for controlling the deposits of obsidian, the most precious commodity of the time in Mesoamerica. 

Toltecas (800 A.D. – 1200 A.D.)

An Olmec head in the Museum of Anthropology of Xalapa. (Wikimedia Commons)

Known as the “master builders” of Mesoamerica, the Toltecs capitalized on the decline of Teotihuacan to strengthen their power. Their influence spread throughout the central plateau in what is today Tlaxcala, Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, Mexico state Morelos and Puebla.

Mexica (1345 – 1521) 

After a group of Mexica (also referred to as Aztecs) departed from the mythical Aztlan and settled in Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico City), the Mexica empire was established. This civilization is the most extensively documented in all of Mesoamerica and was the largest empire of the time.

The fall of Tenochtitlán in 1521 resulted in the fall of all other pre-Columbian civilizations to the Spanish crown. From the ruins emerged the new capital of the colony of New Spain, marking the end of a long line of Mesoamerican civilizations that started with the mother culture of them all: the Olmecs. 

Gabriela Solis is a Mexican lawyer turned full-time writer. She was born and raised in Guadalajara and covers business, culture, lifestyle and travel for Mexico News Daily. You can follow her lifestyle blog Dunas y Palmeras.